篇一：关于巴以冲突 英语论文
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? My Brief Introduction to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict 任彬 03100221 英语二班
Part One: Outline
1. Introduction
2. The historical origin of Israeli-Palestinian conflict
Legends in the Bible
The Diaspora
Modern Zionism
3. Key figures in Israeli-Palestinian conflict
3.1 Yasser Arafat
3.2 Yizhak Rabin
3.3 Ariel Sharon 4. The present condition and outlook of Israeli-Palestinian conflict
4.1 Casualty and economic disruption
4.2 Main obstacles against peace
4.3 Two state solution
5. Conclusion
Part Two: Introduction
Middle East issue generally refers to the conflicts between Israel and Palestine. It’s a regional hot spot issue that has extended a longest time couldn’t be solved since the World War Two. Middle East has an important strategic position that is connect with many countries’ development in future. I’d like to analysis the Israeli-Palestinian conflict in my opinion from follow 3 parts: the historical origin of Israeli-Palestinian conflict, key figures in Israeli-Palestinian conflict and the present condition and outlook of Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
Part Three: The Historical Origin
According to the Jewish sacred writings, which became the Hebrew Bible, Jews are descended from the ancient people of Israel who settled in the land of
Canaan, located between the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River. The Children of Israel shared a lineage through their common ancestors, Abraham, his son Isaac, and Isaac’s son Jacob. The Children of Israel consisted of twelve tribes, each descended from one of Jacob's twelve sons. Jacob and his twelve sons, or so the Bible asserts, left Canaan during a severe famine and settled in Goshen of northern Egypt. At first they were welcomed by Egyptian, but after a few years they developed quickly and their descendants increase greatly. The Egyptian feared that Jews may threaten their government. Therefore in Egypt their descendants were enslaved by the Egyptian government led by the Pharaoh. After 400 years of slavery, YHWH, the God of Israel, sent the Hebrew prophet Moses, a man from the tribe of Levi, to release the Children of Israel from Egyptian bondage. According to the Bible, the Hebrews miraculously emigrated out of Egypt (an event known as the Exodus),
and returned to their ancestral homeland in Canaan. This event marks the formation of Israel as a political nation in Canaan, in 1400 BC.
After the Jews returned their home, they have their first unified kingdom, governed by King Saul. However hundreds of years later, they were defeated by other kingdoms, and many Jews began to be exiled from that time. But when the large scale of Jews were expelled from their homeland during Roman Conquest, called the
Diaspora. , Herod the Great was appointed "King of the Jews" by the Roman Senate, supplanting the Hasmonean dynasty (a Jewish dynasty). Some of his offspring held various positions after him, known as the Herodian dynasty. But the empire was often callous and brutal in its treatment of its Jewish subjects. In 66 CE, the Jews began to revolt against the Roman rulers of Judea. The revolt was defeated by the future Roman emperors Vespasian and Titus. 985 villages were destroyed and most of the Jewish population of central Judaea was essentially wiped out, killed, sold into slavery, or forced to flee. Banished from Jerusalem, the Jewish population now centred on Galilee. Jerusalem was renamed Aelia Capitolina.
During the following hundreds of years, Jews exiled to a lot of countries and experienced a lot of disasters. But they never give up the hope to return to their homeland. During the 1870s and 1880s, the Jewish population in Europe began to more actively discuss immigration back to Israel and the re-establishment of the Jewish Nation in its national homeland, fulfilling the biblical prophecies relating to Shivat Tzion. In 1882 the first Zionist settlement—Rishon LeZion—was founded by immigrants who belonged to the "Hovevei Zion" movement. It was Theodor Herzl (a Jewish reporter) who began the struggle to establish a state for the Jews. After the First World War, it seemed that the conditions to establish such a state had arrived: The United Kingdom captured Palestine from the Ottoman Empire, and the Jews received the promise of a "National Home" from the British .But later the Jewish leadership found that they couldn’t rely on Britain, so they created the Haganah organization to protect their farms and Kibbutzim.
Part Four: Key Figures
When we talk about the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, we can’t ignore those key figures in the history. They are so talented and of distinct character that changed the progress of Middle East issue. I haven’t enough space to illustrate all the influential figures, so I just choose three most famous people in Middle East history.
The first one is Yasser Arafat. He was a Palestinian leader, and Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), President of the Palestinian National Authority (PNA), and leader of the Fatah political party and former paramilitary
group, which he founded in 1959. Arafat spent much of his life fighting against Israel. We all know that there are two major frictions in Palestine fight against Israel. They are Fatah and Hamas. Hamas totally define Israeli’s right of existence in Palestine. But Fatah, which under the leadership of Arafat seek negotiation with Israel to end the decades-long conflict between it and the Israel. His political rivals, including Islamists
and several PLO leftists, often denounced him for being corrupt or too submissive in his concessions to the Israeli government. But I think he provided a chance to solve the Middle East issue peacefully which should be appreciated. In 1994 Arafat
received the Nobel Peace Prize, together with Yitzhak Rabin and Shimon Peres, for the negotiations at Oslo.
When we talk about Arafat and Oslo Accords, we should also remember Yizhak Rabin. He was an Israeli politician and general, the fifth Prime Minister of Israel. In foreign policy, the major development of Rabin's term was the Sinai Interim Agreement between Israel and Egypt, signed on 1 September 1975. Both countries declared that the conflict between them and in the Middle East shall not be resolved by military force but by peaceful means. He also sought negotiation with their hereditary enemy, Palestine. Rabin played a leading role in the signing of the Oslo Accords, which created the Palestinian National Authority and granted it partial
control over parts of the Gaza Strip and West Bank. Prior to the signing of the accords, Rabin received responses from Arafat. But after the announcement of the Oslo Accords there were many protest demonstrations in Israel objecting to the Accords. Misfortune, he was assassinated by a right-wing Israeli radical. In my opinion, Rabin is a very great leader. I think he knew he would meet great resistance if he seeks peace with Palestine. But he regardless of his safety and political career just thought for the further development of Israel.
The third person I want to introduce to you is Ariel Sharon. Very different from Rabin, he is an extremist. He is an Israeli statesman and retired general, who served as Israel’s 11th Prime Minister. Sharon bore "personal responsibility" for the massacre by Lebanese militias of Palestinian civilians in the refugee camps of Sabra and Shatila, for his having disregarded the prospect of acts of bloodshed by the Phalangists against the population of the refugee camps, and not having prevented their entry. But no matter how much he is hated by Palestinian, he is the spiritual leader of Israel. A lot of times he saved Israeli troops from dangerous.
Although we all say that heroes are created by history, we can also find that those heroes are affecting our times. How will Israeli-Palestinian conflict develop in the future? I look forward the appearance of new personages to lead the issue into a good direction.
Part Five: Present condition and Outlook
There is no doubt that the Israeli-Palestinian conflict has caused great damage to both two countries. I can often saw injured children’s pictures in the reports of Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Let’s see a group of statistics that reflect partial casualty figures of children in parentheses represent casualties under age 18 during the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. From 2005 to 2008, 1754 children died in Palestine and 117 children died in Israel. All numbers refer to casualties of direct conflict between Israelis and Palestinians including in IDF military operations, artillery shelling, search and arrest campaigns, Barrier demonstrations, targeted killings, settler violence etc. The UN Mine Action Centre identified the main risks as coming from "ERW left behind by Israeli aerial and artillery weapon systems, or from militant caches targeted
by the Israeli forces”. From that statistics we can see that the conflict has greatly curbed the normal development of Palestine and Isreal.
Indeed those tremendous facts make us feel grieved. Therefore we should figure out what are impeding the peaceful progress between Palestine and Israel. In part two, I have mentioned that there are a lot of historical origins that lead to the
situation between these two countries. But historical origin is just one of these reasons. There are also many other triggers, such as Jerusalem, water resource and
international status, etc. Set Jerusalem for example, the border of Jerusalem is a particularly delicate issue, with each side asserting claims over this city. The three largest Abrahamic religions—Judaism, Christianity, and Islam—include Jerusalem as an important setting for their religious and historical narratives. Israel asserts that the city should not be divided and should remain unified within Israel's political control. Palestinians claim at least the parts of the city which were not part of Israel prior to June 1967. Israel expresses concern over the security of its residents if neighborhoods of Jerusalem are placed under Palestinian control. Jerusalem has been a prime target for attacks by militant groups against civilian targets since 1967. Many Jewish neighborhoods have been fired upon from Arab areas. Therefore we can find that religion issue is very hard to be solved and Jerusalem is two countries’ spiritual pillar. Neither will easily give up.
We all know that no matter in what country water is an important strategic
resource. Let’s look into the disputes coursed by water in this region. In the Middle East, water resources are of great political concern. Since Israel receives much of its water from two large underground aquifers which continue under the Green Line, the use of this water has been contentious in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. While Israel's consumption of this water has decreased since it began its occupation of the West Bank, it still consumes the majority of it: in the 1950s, Israel consumed 95% of the water output of the Western Aquifer, and 82% of that produced by the Northeastern Aquifer. Although this water was drawn entirely on Israel's own side of the pre-1967 border, the sources of the water are nevertheless from the shared groundwater basins located under both West Bank and Israel .
But from collecting data, I can see that historians and authorities think that the most essential reason is major powers’ intervene. In the past, Israel has demanded
control over border crossings between the Palestinian territories and Jordan and Egypt, and the right to set the import and export controls, asserting that Israel and the
Palestinian territories are a single economic space. And there are a lot of oil resources in this area. Besides that, the two countries have important geographical positions in Middle East. All those threatened some big countries’ benefits.
The peace process has been predicated on a "two-state solution" . Polling
data has produced mixed results regarding the level of support among Palestinians for the two-state solution. It indicated that support for a two-state solution was growing among both Israelis and Palestinians. Although questions have been raised towards
both sides' resolve to end the dispute, we also hope that there will be new progress about this solution.
Part Six: Conclusion
Because of the limitation of time and my capability, I just choose the historical origin, the key figures and the present condition and outlook these three aspects in Israeli-Palestinian conflict. But in fact it’s a very complex international issue. I can just use this passage to give you a brief knowledge and understanding. I will use my spare time to continue pay attention to the latest development of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
篇二：巴以问题论文
浅谈巴以问题
巴勒斯坦问题已成为国际问题中一个持续时间最长、所涉及因素最复杂、引起国际社会高度关注的地区热点问题。作为中东问题的核心，巴以问题涉及到大国争夺、历史恩怨、宗教信仰、民族感情、领土争端、阿以冲突、各国利益等错综复杂的问题，从而使这一问题的解决变得异常困难。
回顾巴以冲突的历史，公元前20世纪前后，闪米特族的迦南人定居在巴勒斯坦的沿海和平原。公元前13世纪腓力斯人在沿海建立国家。公元前13世纪末希伯来各部落迁入定居。公元前11世纪犹太人建立希伯来王国，后亚述、巴比伦、波斯等外族都曾占领巴勒斯坦。公元前1世纪罗马帝国侵入，绝大部分犹太人流往世界各地。公元7世纪成为阿拉伯帝国的一部分。阿拉伯人不断移入，并和当地土著居民同化，逐步形成了现代巴勒斯坦阿拉伯人。
事实上，犹太人占领巴勒斯坦的理由是犹太人的祖先在巴勒斯坦生活过，可是这不是犹太人拥有巴勒斯坦的理由，因为他们数千年前就不是巴勒斯坦的主体民族了，而阿拉伯人在巴勒斯坦生活了几千年。沙特国王曾经这样说：“我们同情犹太人，可是他们建国要在我们的土地上割让领土？历史上谁在迫害犹太人？穆斯林吗？既然德国人杀害犹太人就在德国划出一块土地给他们好了，为什么要损害与犹太人的苦难毫无干系的巴勒斯坦人民的利益？”
在圣殿山，巴以双方也不时爆发激烈的枪战，对于每一方而言，
都会不屑和不满于对方的到来，因为这是他们自己的圣地。这是一个敏感的话题，对于这座占据着民族心理中心地位的圣殿山，犹太人和巴勒斯坦人都不愿意拱手相让。在阿克萨清真寺西面即是西墙。从外观上看，这堵墙与巴勒斯坦其他墙别无二致。但由于历史原因，它成了犹太人心中最神圣的地方，是古国不灭，民族长存的象征，犹太人常聚集在此哭泣，因此有称为“哭墙”。许多犹太人就对当年巴勒斯坦人阻止他们到“哭墙”祈祷耿耿于怀。这种情况直到1967年“六日战争”方结束。结果是犹太人以武力攻占了整个东耶路撒冷。第二天，拉比（犹太教的宗教导师）和将领们赶往西墙，抚墙放声痛哭。
许多犹太人因此坚持，以色列决不能放弃圣殿山。2000年9月，“鹰派”代表人物沙龙穿过西墙右上方的一个小门，进入阿克萨清真寺，以此宣示犹太人与圣殿山的宗教关系。此举彻底激怒了巴勒斯坦人，成为一直延续至今的巴以冲突的直接起源。圣殿山从此更加喧闹。时常犹太人闯入巴勒斯坦人的圣地，在西墙边祈祷，巴勒斯坦人则借助地理之便向下投掷石块，然后是以军警的介入，向巴勒斯坦人开枪甚至闯入清真寺抓人。
另外，双方冲突的另一个原因就是以色列对土地的滥用。以色列政府以“规划”为名拆除巴勒斯坦人的房屋，有时甚至拔掉清真寺的外围建筑，因此导致了巴勒斯坦人的群起反抗，从而引起血案。
可见，巴以冲突的直接起源在于犹太人的复国运动，建国
后又屡次把巴勒斯坦人赶出故土，就像当年别人对他们所做的一样，而且越演越烈，终于酿成了民族矛盾。而更为深刻的原因是，两个民族都曾是这块土地的主人，两个民族都视同一个城市为宗教胜地，从而冲突就有了更为坚实的感情和宗教力量，而解决也变得更加困难。犹太人的建国和驱逐可以看作为几千年来怨恨的释放，虽然可以理解，但犹太人表现出来的过分强硬和蛮横却为本来可以更好解决的问题留下了祸根。
巴以冲突局势全面恶化引起了国际社会的强烈反应，联合国安理会通过决议，一致要求以色列立即从最近占领的巴勒斯坦地区撤出。由于美国在冲突中明显地偏袒以色列，在中东地区掀起了规模空前的反美反以高潮，影响了美国与阿拉伯国家的关系，国际社会甚至连美国国内也有很多人对布什政府的中东政策表示出强烈的不满。同时，日趋恶化的巴以冲突局势也打乱了美国准备对伊拉克采取军事打击的战略部署，对美国在中东地区的战略利益构成了威胁，迫使布什政府不得不再次调整中东政策，明确地要求以色列从巴勒斯坦控制的地区撤出，并决定派国务卿鲍威尔前往中东地区调解巴以冲突。但以色列坚持只有在缉拿巴勒斯坦“恐怖分子”和阿拉法特宣布停火后再撤军，使鲍威尔的调解无功而返。最后在布什总统的直接干预下，巴以达成了一个折中的协议，由美英安全人员负责关押被以色列通缉的６名巴勒斯坦人，以色列有条件地让阿拉法特自由活动。
为了防止巴以冲突再次发生失控的危险局势，最近鲍威尔提出了今年夏季在土耳其召开一个解决巴以冲突的部长级国际会议，
试图打破巴以间报复与反报复恶性循环的僵持局面。尽管目前有关围绕召开巴以和谈国际会议各方正在展开活动，但很多人对会议能否召开，或这样的国际会议对结束巴以冲突有多大作用表示怀疑。首先，目前各方对召开会议的有关问题仍争执不下：哪些国家被邀请参加会议；阿拉伯国家认为，以色列应在会议召开前撤回到巴以冲突爆发前的地区，但以色列坚决反对；最重要的是各方对会议的议题难以统一。以色列担心巴以冲突国际化，坚持会议仅仅讨论巴以停止冲突的问题。其次，作为发起国的美国本身对这次会议信心不足，告诫人们不要对会议寄予过高的期望。最后，持续的巴以冲突已造成双方特别是巴勒斯坦大量的人员伤亡，两个民族的仇恨加深了。布什政府因国内政治的需要难以改变偏袒以色列的政策，巴以双方的根本问题没有得到解决。因此，尽管在国际社会的努力下，巴以冲突局势可能会出现暂时的缓解，但冲突完全平息的可能性不大，仍会持续下去。现在看来，巴以间实现和平仍然需要相当长的时间。
展望中东和平的未来，作为国际政治热点的巴勒斯坦问题，不仅仅是巴勒斯坦阿拉伯人和以色列人之间的民族和宗教矛盾，更是世界大国和整个阿拉伯国家深深卷入的国际政治问题.这当中既牵涉到土地和经济利益问题,又有历史、文化和宗教诸方面的因素。巴以问题不是“死结”；即使是“死结”也总有解开的方法。问题就在于如何才能做到“公正”和“合理”。这个问题肯定巴以双方都有各自的认识和理解。但是参与、处理此事的国家必须首先要有一个统一的认识，然后才能据此对巴以做工作，才有可能比较公正、合理地去解决它。以
巴冲突表面上是以色列和巴勒斯坦之间的地区冲突,但其对中东地区乃至全世界的影响却非常深远，解决它对于当前国际显然具有很重要的意义。
篇三：浅论巴以冲突
浅论巴以冲突
关键词：巴以冲突，政治，宗教
[摘要]：在总体和平、局部战争的今天，有两个“国家”却自1948年建国伊始便纷争不断，至今仍战事频发，其中的原因复杂，多方因素交错。此文便是尝试从最凸显问题的两方面入手，浅论巴以冲突。
说起巴以冲突，最直接的联想自然就是五次中东战争。1948年5月15日，第一次中东战争爆发，阿拉伯国家参战。1956年10月29日，以色列在英法唆使下入侵埃及领土西奈半岛，第二次中东战争爆发。1965年6月5日以色列闪电袭击阿拉伯国家。1973年10月6日，埃及、叙利亚在其他阿拉伯国家的支持下，向以色列发起战争，第四次中东战争爆发，10月25日在大国的干涉下被迫停战。1982年6月6日，以色列悍然出兵入侵黎巴嫩，第五次中东战争爆发。
大致一看，除第一次中东战争外，其余四次大战均未直接出现巴勒斯坦的身影，但需注意的是历次战争之后最大的改变便是巴勒斯坦与以色列的领土划分。因此，不难看出五次中东战争仍是巴以之间的博弈战场，那么为何这其中会有周边阿拉伯国家的频繁参与？一大重要原因便是宗教文化。
巴勒斯坦这一词除了作为国名之外，更常用于指代巴勒斯坦地区。该地区与两大宗教：犹太教、伊斯兰教渊源颇深。巴勒斯坦地区在《旧约》之中被认为是上帝赐予犹太人的领地，在伊斯兰教中巴勒
斯坦又是穆斯林的第三大圣地。宗教之间是排斥的，而对于对各宗教有非凡意义的圣地而言，这种排斥便很容易的转化为了誓死捍卫，不容异教徒的玷污。以色列是犹太人的国家，犹太教则是犹太人的民族信仰，也正是这种信仰使他们始终没有被其它民族所同化，而伊斯兰教在阿拉伯民族之中更是几乎达到了民族与宗教相统一。由于这两个民族都深受宗教的影响，其行为上也就带上了明显的宗教色彩。
巴以冲突中阿拉伯国家的参与，或者说巴以之间的冲突很大程度上便是各自信仰中巴勒斯坦地区的神圣不可侵犯。中东以阿拉伯民族为主，而以色列无疑就是在一片穆斯林中突兀出现的异教徒，更何况它所占的是穆斯林的圣地。由于两种宗教各自都对政治具有极强的影响力，因此宗教上对该地区的争夺，自然而然的便演进为了世俗政体之间的冲突战争。2010年6月，原该是美国军事盟友的土耳其步步紧逼以色列，正是土耳其愈发伊斯兰化后受到宗教力量的推动的效果。
除了宗教这一潜藏因素的影响外，五次中东战争都显而易见的出现了一只看不见的手，政治。1947年11月29日，联合国大会第二届会议在美、苏等国33票赞成、阿拉伯国家13票反对、英国等国10票弃权情况下，通过了《决议》。将56%的土地划给了只占当地总人口1/3的犹太人，而占总人口数2/3的巴勒斯坦人却只得到了43%的土地。该决议激起了阿拉伯国家与巴勒斯坦人的强烈不满，并随着以色列于1948年5月14日宣布建国达致顶端，次日第一次中东战争爆发。不难看出联合国这一带明显偏向性的决议正是第一次中东战争
的直接导火索，其中阿拉伯国家的集体反对票不难理解，美国的支持也是正常，值得注意的便是英国与苏联的态度。如果说英国的弃权是自身反感态度与迫于美国压力的妥协，那么苏联的赞成票则可以说是巴勒斯坦作为政治牺牲品所迈出的第一步。当时冷战刚刚开始，苏联所考虑的便是在巴勒斯坦问题上作出让步从而换取美国在欧洲问题上的退让。在此之后，英法恼于埃及将苏伊士运河收归国有便伙同以色列发动战争，美苏冷战剧烈化于是便军备支持巴以两方打起代理人战争，类似的原因在不止在中东战争之中，其后历次巴以冲突几乎都能看见他国背影的插足。
以美国为首的西方势力采取双重标准，他们对极少数以色列人员伤亡的敏感，与对成百上千阿拉伯民众伤亡的淡漠，形成非常鲜明的对比，并以以色列人权为由，在忽视了巴勒斯坦人的人权基础上，倾力支持以色列的各种行为，寻找理由为其推卸责任。这种不带任何掩饰的偏袒背后体现出了西方政府极强的政治目的性，即以以色列为楔子，钉进中东这一阿拉伯人故土之中，为美国在此地的政治影响力确保稳固基础。并藉以色列之手挑动阿拉伯各国矛盾，析离中东国家抱团的可能性，同时对伊朗及其他一些国家保持严密的监视与军事戒备，使美国得以更好地掌控中东地区形势。
而对一些国家而言，通过对巴以冲突的介入，或是站在巴方立场的行为同样有其政治上的考虑。2011年5月15日，巴人的第63个“灾难日”，数千巴勒斯坦难民从以叙边境、以黎边境冲击临时分界线，这一现象在之前从未出现过。究其原因，则是叙利亚的阿萨德政
权因为“阿拉伯之春”的缘故，出于稳定自己政权的考虑，借巴以冲突转移国内民众视线。此外，如埃及、土耳其等国的插手则很大程度上是试图通过在巴以冲突上的出手，确立自身的领导形象，从而提升自身话语权，谋取地区大国地位，这一类的政治目的中，犹以伊朗为最。通过对叙利亚、黎巴嫩以及巴勒斯坦武装组织哈马斯的经济、军事支援，伊朗将巴方的武装主动权牢牢的把握在了手中，以巴以矛盾为关键点，在诸多场合直面美国等西方势力，配合上叙、黎和哈马斯的动作，一方面在阿拉伯专制政权与逊尼派民意的脱节的大背景下提升了叶什派伊朗在穆斯林世界的威望，并以巴以冲突为焦点缓和了穆斯林内部逊尼派和什叶派的矛盾，借此在走向伊斯兰化的阿拉伯世界通过自身宗教身份进一步提高了政治地位，另一方面以西方政府在巴以冲突上的双重标准为盾抵住西方对自己人权的问责，并造势加以反击，既打击了美国的威信，更在阿拉伯世界彰显了自己的能力，两相结合下确立自己的地区大国地位。
从上述中我们可以发现，巴以冲突虽有双方各自建国述求矛盾的原因所在，但起到最大原因的还是宗教方面的不相容性以及其他幕后势力在政治利益下的推动，而在这两者之中，就我们小组看来，造成今日巴以冲突仍然剧烈，前景渺茫的现状的根本原因就在于政治上多方势力打着自己的小算盘，而未真正切实地去为巴以和解作出应有的努力。现今我国作为一个负责任的大国，积极参与巴以和解进程，本着和平发展的理念真心为双方的和平作出努力，如果他国能同样的参与到其中，真正从以人为本出发，在联合国框架下携手努力，那么巴
以冲突的停止，中东地区的和平则可以期待。
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