篇一：英语3000字论文
From mid-2005 to the present, many large international Clothing Buyers to shift their business out of Sri Lanka, into more cheap manufacturing destination. During this time, in seven provinces to close 75 factories, including 24 factories in the past 6 months to close. The survey was conducted in February 2009, is a private advisory body RoyDawson conducted.
The survey found that many of the major Sri Lankan Clothing Foreign buyers in the past three years, closed their offices in Sri Lanka, their manufacturing orders to other countries.
Procurement office in Sri Lanka Apparel Association registered about 50 major international apparel sourcing units, 12 units in the past three years, closed their offices in Sri Lanka. The major shift procurement office in Singapore, India and Pakistan. Production mainly to India, Bangladesh and Vietnam.
So far, about 20 foreign buyers no longer a stable operation in Sri Lanka.
A major reason for their transfer business in Sri Lanka's production costs are relatively high and unstable security situation is also a Print . For example, buyers find it difficult to dispatch technical personnel to local factories for regular factory monitoring, which is at the security concerns.
The survey also found that the seven provinces in the investigation of the 75 garment factories in mid-2005 and 2009, only in the past 6 months, there are 24 factories closed. These factories are mainly located in Katunayake, Biyagama, Koggala and SeethawakaPura the free trade zone. Some factories registered in the Investment Authority, part of the plant in the Ministry of Industrial Development Textile Office. In addition, these garment factories closed due to foreign exchange losses to combat unemployment and other related industries. This includes embroidery factory, garments washing plants, manufacturing plants fold, label manufacturing plant, silk manufacturing units Plastic Rack and the polyethylene bag manufacturing units, transport service providers, shipping agency, freight Proxy Agencies, customs clearing technological transformation, Food Providers, sub-contractors to provide services, such as fabric cutting, ironing and packing.
The survey showed that in 1980 and 2004, in Sri Lanka has 650 large, medium and small-scale garment manufacturing plant, to increase the direct employment of 45 million people, 10 million people with indirect
employment. However, since 2005, the termination of multi-fiber agreement and the end of export quotas, Sri Lanka's garment industry stable contraction.
This is mainly due to Sri Lanka's apparel manufacturing with other Asian countries compared to the higher cost of production. The current global recession has also hit the apparel industry in the past 6 months, increase the frequency of plant closures.
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篇二：论文用5000字中英文翻译
MCU Description
SCM is also known as micro-controller (Microcontroller Unit), commonly used letters of the acronym MCU that it was first used in industrial control. Only a single chip by the CPU chip developed from a dedicated processor. The first design is by a large number of peripherals and CPU on a chip in the computer system, smaller, more easily integrated into a complex and demanding on the volume control device which. INTEL's Z80 is the first designed in accordance with this idea processor, then on the development of microcontroller and dedicated processors have parted ways.
Are 8-bit microcontroller early or 4 bits. One of the most successful is the INTEL 8031, for a simple, reliable and good performance was a lot of praise. Then developed in 8031 out of MCS51 MCU Systems. SCM systems based on this system until now are still widely used. With the increased requirements of industrial control field, began a 16-bit microcontroller, because the cost is not satisfactory but have not been very widely used. After 90 years with the great development of consumer electronics, microcontroller technology has been a huge increase. With INTEL i960 series, especially the later series of widely used ARM, 32-bit microcontroller quickly replace high-end 16-bit MCU status and enter the mainstream market. The traditional 8-bit microcontroller performances have been the rapid increase capacity increase compared to 80 the number of times. Currently, high-end 32-bit microcontroller clocked over 300MHz, the performance catching the mid-90's dedicated processor, while the average model prices fall to one U.S. dollars; the most high-end model only 10 dollars. Modern SCM systems are no longer only in the development and use of bare metal environment, a large number of proprietary embedded operating system is widely used in the full range of SCM. The handheld computers and cell phones as the core processing of high-end microcontroller can even use a dedicated Windows and Linux operating systems.
SCM is more suitable than the specific processor used in embedded systems, so it was up to the application. In fact the number of SCM is the world's largest computer. Modern human life used in almost every piece of electronic and mechanical products will be integrated single chip. Phone, telephone, calculator, home appliances,
electronic toys, handheld computers and computer accessories such as a mouse with a 1-2 in both the Department of SCM. Personal computer will have a large number of SCM in the work. General car with more than 40 SCM, complex industrial control systems may even have hundreds of SCM in the same time work! SCM is not only far exceeds the number of PC and other computing the sum, or even more than the number of human beings
Single chip, also known as single-chip microcontroller, it is not complete a certain logic chips, but to a computer system integrated into a chip. Equivalent to a micro-computer, and computer than just the lack of a microcontroller I / O devices. General talk: a chip becomes a computer. Its small size, light weight, cheap, for the study, application and development of facilities provided. At the same time, learning to use the MCU is to understand the principle and structure of the computer the best choice. SCM and the computer functions internally with similar modules, such as CPU, memory, parallel bus, the same effect as well, and hard disk memory devices, and different is its performance of these components were relatively weak many of our home computer, but the price is low , usually not more than 10 yuan you can do with it ...... some control for a class is not very complicated electrical work is enough of. We are using automatic drum washing machine, smoke hood, VCD and so on appliances which could see its shadow! ...... It is primarily as a control section of the core components
It is an online real-time control computer, control-line is that the scene is needed is a stronger anti-jamming ability, low cost, and this is, and off-line computer (such as home PC), the main difference.
Single chip
MCU is through running, and can be modified. Through different procedures to achieve different functions, in particular special unique features, this is another device much effort needs to be done, some great efforts are very difficult to do. A not very complex functions if the 50's with the United States developed 74 series, or the 60's CD4000 series of these pure hardware buttoned, then the circuit must be a large PCB board! But if the United States if the 70's with a series of successful SCM market, the
result will be a drastic change! Just because you are prepared by microcomputer programs can achieve high intelligence, high efficiency and high reliability!
As the microcontroller on the cost-sensitive, so now the dominant software or the lowest level assembly language, which is the lowest level in addition to more than binary machine code language, and as so low why is the use? Many high-level language has reached the level of visual programming Why is not it? The reason is simply that there is no home computer as a single chip CPU, not as hard as a mass storage device. A visualization of small high-level language program which even if only one button, will reach tens of K of size! For the home PC's hard drive in terms of nothing, but in terms of the MCU is not acceptable. SCM in the utilization of hardware resources to be very high for the job so although the original is still in the compilation of a lot of use. The same token, if the giant computer operating system and applications run up to get home PC, home PC, also can not afford to.
Can be said that the twentieth century across the three "power" era, that is, the age of electricity, the electronic age and has entered into the computer age. However, this computer, usually refers to the personal computer, referred to as PC. It consists of the host, keyboard, monitor and other components. Another type of computer, most people do not know how. This computer is to give all kinds of intelligent machines single chip (also known as micro-controller). As the name suggests, this computer system took only a minimal integrated circuit, can be a simple operation and control. Because it is small, usually hidden in the charged mechanical "stomach" in. It is in the device, like the human brain plays a role, it goes wrong, the whole plant was paralyzed. Now, this microcontroller has a very broad field of use, such as smart meters, real-time industrial control, communications equipment, navigation systems, and household appliances. Once all kinds of products were using SCM, can serve to upgrade the effectiveness of products, often in the product name preceded by the adjective - "intelligent," such as intelligent washing machines. Now some technical personnel of factories or other amateur electronics developers to engage in out of certain products, not the circuit is too complicated, that function is too simple and can easily be copied. The reason may be stuck in the product did not use a microcontroller
or other programmable logic device.
SCM history
SCM was born in the late 20th century, 70, experienced SCM, MCU, SoC three stages.
First model
1.SCM the single chip microcomputer (Single Chip Microcomputer) stage, mainly seeking the best of the best single form of embedded systems architecture. "Innovation model" success, laying the SCM and general computer completely different path of development. In the open road of independent development of embedded systems, Intel Corporation contributed.
2.MCU the micro-controller (Micro Controller Unit) stage, the main direction of technology development: expanding to meet the embedded applications, the target system requirements for the various peripheral circuits and interface circuits, highlight the object of intelligent control. It involves the areas associated with the object system, therefore, the development of MCU's responsibility inevitably falls on electrical, electronics manufacturers. From this point of view, Intel faded MCU development has its objective factors. In the development of MCU, the most famous manufacturers as the number of Philips Corporation.
Philips company in embedded applications, its great advantage, the MCS-51 single-chip micro-computer from the rapid development of the micro-controller. Therefore, when we look back at the path of development of embedded systems, do not forget Intel and Philips in History.
Embedded Systems
Embedded system microcontroller is an independent development path, the MCU important factor in the development stage, is seeking applications to maximize the solution on the chip; Therefore, the development of dedicated single chip SoC trend of the natural form. As the microelectronics, IC design, EDA tools development, application system based on MCU SOC design have greater development. Therefore, the understanding of the microcontroller chip microcomputer can be, extended to the single-chip micro-controller applications.
MCU applications
SCM now permeate all areas of our lives, which is almost difficult to find traces of the field without SCM. Missile navigation equipment, aircraft, all types of instrument control, computer network communications and data transmission, industrial automation, real-time process control and data processing, extensive use of various smart IC card, civilian luxury car security system, video recorder, camera, fully automatic washing machine control, and program-controlled toys, electronic pet, etc., which are inseparable from the microcontroller. Not to mention the area of robot control, intelligent instruments, medical equipment was. Therefore, the MCU learning, development and application of the large number of computer applications and intelligent control of the scientists, engineers.
SCM is widely used in instruments and meters, household appliances, medical equipment, aerospace, specialized equipment, intelligent management and process control fields, roughly divided into the following several areas:
1. In the application of Intelligent Instruments
SCM has a small size, low power consumption, controlling function, expansion flexibility, the advantages of miniaturization and ease of use, widely used instrument, combining different types of sensors can be realized Zhuru voltage, power, frequency, humidity, temperature, flow, speed, thickness, angle, length, hardness, elemental, physical pressure measurement. SCM makes use of digital instruments, intelligence, miniaturization, and functionality than electronic or digital circuits more powerful. Such as precision measuring equipment (power meter, oscilloscope, various analytical instrument).
2. In the industrial control application
With the MCU can constitute a variety of control systems, data acquisition system. Such as factory assembly line of intelligent control
3. In Household Appliances
Can be said that the appliances are basically using SCM, praise from the electric rice, washing machines, refrigerators, air conditioners, color TV, and other audio video equipment, to the electronic weighing equipment, varied, and omnipresent.
篇三：国际商务英语中翻译的重要性》的论文(中文4000字左右
国际商务英语中翻译的重要性
摘要：商务英语翻译在日益纷繁的国际商务活动中愈益显著，许多商务翻译工作者和语言研究者从不同的角度探寻商务翻译的原则和策略, 但这些研究大多忽视了商务文本功能的研究。本文首先分析商务文本微观层面的用词特点、句法特征和篇章结构，重点分析其交际目的，视商务文本为商务场合中的“交际事件”，具有“信息型”和“呼唤型”等功能。文章进而以德国功能翻译理论尤其是“翻译目的论”为依据，提出目的性法则是指导商务翻译活动的最高原则，连贯性和忠实性法确保译文文本功能的实现；忠诚原则要求译者具有高度的责任心，既要对读者负责，也必须尊重原文作者，协调译文目的和原作者意图。最后得出结论商务翻译应该注重译作在新的文化语境里的传播与接受，以及其作为一种跨文化传递行为的最终目的和效果，同时还强调译者在这整个翻译过程中所起的作用。
关键词：商务英语翻译；翻译目的论；目的性法则；连贯性法则；忠诚法则；
前 言
在世界经济全球化和一体化的进程中，国际商务活动日益纷繁，英语在国际政治、经济、文化、科技方面的作用愈益显著，尤其是商务英语为经济、科技和社会发展做出了突出的贡献，成了社会发展的必然产物。“据统计，全世界16亿以英语为第一语言，第二语言或外语的人群中，几乎90%的人每天都在与商贸英语打交道”（刘法公，2000）。这个庞大的商务文化群体以及英语在这个社会群体的交际过程中的社会功能及其翻译引起了语言研究工作者的重视，许多学者纷纷研究商务英语的文体特征和语言特点（廖英，2004），探索现代商务英语的翻译策略（段梦敏，2005）及翻译原则（刘法公，2000）。还有些学者从跨学科的视野研究商务翻译，将系统功能语言学的语域理论、语篇分析等理论也应用到了商务语篇翻译的研究中。对商务英语语言的研究、翻译策略及翻译原则的探索固然重要，但这些研究大多都倾向于语言学的微观词句层面的研究，忽视了商务文本功能的研究，并且缺乏具体的理论指导。鉴于此，本文首先视商务文本为商务场合中的“交际事件”，通过将宏观层面的翻译目的和文本功能与微观层面的篇章结构、句法特征和用词特点相结合，探讨功能翻译理论在商务翻译实践活动中的指导性和可行性。
目 录
1.德国功能翻译理论..........................................................................................1
2．商务英语的语言特征和文体风格………………………………………………..1
2.1商务英语词汇方面的特点……………………………………………………….2
2.1.1专业词汇词义的“专一”和词义的“歧义”并存 ………………………………..2
2.1.2用词正式严谨 …………………………………………………………………3
2.2商务英语句法上的特点 …………………………………………………………3
2.3 商务英语的语篇风格特点 ……………………………………………………..4
3．功能翻译理论与商务文本翻译 …………………………………………………4
3.1 商务文本功能与翻译 …………………………………………………………..4
3.2目的性法则是指导商务翻译活动的最高原则 …………………………………5
3.3 连贯性和忠实性法则确保译文文本功能的实现………………………………6
国际商务英语中翻译的重要性
1.德国功能翻译理论
功能派翻译理论20世纪70年代产生于德国，其代表人物是卡塔琳娜?莱思（Katharina Reiss）、汉斯?弗米尔（ Hans J. Vermeer）、贾斯特?霍斯?曼特瑞（Justa Holz Manttari）和克里丝汀?诺德（Christiane Nord）。早在1971年卡塔琳娜?莱思在其《翻译批评的可能性与限制》（Possibilities and Limitations in Translation Criticism）一书中提出了功能主义翻译批评理论，她指出理想的译文应该从概念性的内容、语言形式和交际功能上与原文对等（The ideal translation would be one in which “the aim in the TL is equivalence as regards the conceptual content, linguistic form and communicative function of a SL” (1977, translation 1989: 112)），并且称这种翻译为综合性交际翻译（integral communicative performance）(1977, translation 1989: 114)，她试图创立一种基于源语语篇和目的语语篇功能关系的翻译批评模式(张美芳，2005)。同时，她还认为由于翻译的具体要求（translation brief）不同有些等值是不可能实现的,译者应该优先考虑译文的功能特征而不是对等原则。莱思提出的这种翻译功能优先于对等论的标准是翻译批评家不再依赖对原文特征的分析，而是要根据翻译的环境来判断译文是否具有功能（张美芳，2005）。后来，她把文本类型、功能和翻译方法联系起来，提出了“信息型”、“表达型”和“诱导型”三大功能文本类型，莱思的这种分类“使译者对交际功能的语言标记和功能翻译的组成部分感觉更敏锐”（Text-type classifications sharpen the translator?s awareness of linguistic markers of communicative function and functional translation units. Nord, 2001:
38），有助于译者根据文本类型的交际功能选择翻译策略。
后来汉斯?弗米尔摆脱了对等论的束缚，创立了功能派的奠基理论“翻译目的论”（Skopos theory）, 其核心概念是：决定翻译过程的最主要因素是整体翻译行为的目的（张美芳，2005）。之后，贾斯特?霍斯?曼特瑞进一步发展了目的论，提出了“翻译行为”（Translational action）这一概念，探讨了包括文本转换在内的所有跨文化转换形式，着重论述了翻译过程的行为、参与者的角色和翻译过程发生的环境三个方面的问题。
目的论还认为,译本的预期目的决定翻译的方法和策略，在翻译过程中应遵循三个总体原则，即目的原则（skopos rule）、连贯原则(coherence rule) 和忠实原则(fidelity rule)。所有翻译应遵循的首要法则就是“目的法则”，换言之，整个翻译过程，包括翻译方法和翻译策略的选择，都是由翻译行为所要达到的目的决定的。目的论把翻译行为所要达到的目的概括为三种：译者的目的、译文的交际目的和使用某种特殊翻译手段所要达到的目的。其中，译文的交际目的一般情况下比另外两个目的更为重要，而交际目的通常是由翻译行为的发起人决定的，不过，译者可参与译文目的的确定。连贯法则（coherence rule）指译文须符合篇内连贯（intratextual coherence）的要求，是针对译文语篇内部及其与译入语文化之间的关系而言的；忠实原则指译文与原文之间应符合篇际连贯
（intertextual coherence）的要求，是针对译文语篇与原文语篇之间的关系而言的，近似于我们通常所说的译文应忠实于原文的说法，所不同的是“忠实法则”必须首先服从“目的法则”和“连贯法则”。
在上个世纪进入最后10年的时候，德国学者诺德（Christiane Nord）又进一步拓展了功能派理论，在目的论原有基础上在其《翻译中的语篇分析》提出了忠诚原则（loyalty principle）。对译者的道德观念提出了新的要求。从此，目的法则和忠诚原则共同构成了功能学派翻译理论的两大支柱。
2．商务英语的语言特征和文体风格
商务英语属功能性语言的范畴，是英语的一种社会功能变体，是英语在商务场合中的应用。它涉及技术引进、对外贸易、招商引资、对外劳务承包与合同、国际合同、国际金融、涉外保险、国际旅游、海外投资、国际运输等等。经贸英语源于普通英语，并以此为基础，完全具有普通英语的语言学特征，但同时它又是商务知识和普通英语的综合体（张新红，2003），因而具有其内在的独特性，这种独特性主要集中以下几个方面：
2.1商务英语词汇方面的特点
商务英语的语言形式、词汇、以及内容等方面与专业知识密切相关，它承载着商务理论和商务实践等方面的信息，对专业词汇的精确使用是商务语言在词汇使用上的最大特点。例如：sole license（排他性许可证）和exclusive license（独占性许可证），两者各有精确的含义，不能随意交换使用。前者表示在许可证交易中，技术受让方在协议有效期间，在协定的地区内，对许可证项下的技术具有独占权，不许授予第三方，只许在规定地区内使用该技术和出售该产品的许可证；而后者则表示，许可方不得再把同样内容的使用许可证协议受该地域内的任何第三方，就连许可人自己也不得在该地区使用该项技术（胡庚申，2001：154）。又如：anti-dumping measures （反倾销措施），quota-free products （非配额生产）investment in non-productive projects （非生产性投资），clearance sale (清仓削价销售)，closed cargo （列入表定运费的货物）等等。
2.1.1专业词汇词义的“专一”和词义的“歧义”并存
商务英语不同于普通英语的另一个特点是许多专业词汇词义变化不大。如D/P (document against payment) 付款交单，不管在什么上下文中，都是指出口方在委托银行收款时，指示银行只有在付款人（进口方）付清货款时，才能向其交出货运单据，即“交单”以“付款”为条件。类似的词不胜枚举。如：FOB, CIF, invoice, and letter of credit等等。但商务英语中也不乏准专业词汇，这些词在不同的场合、不同的语境中有不同的含义，例如：instrument of payment ( 支付工具)，instrument of pledge（抵押契据），instrument of ratification（批准证书），instrument of acquisition (购置凭证)。请看译例：
例[1]
A confirmed irrevocable letter of credit shall be established within 15 days after the conclusion of the contract and such letter of credit shall be maintained at least 15 days after the month of shipment for the negotiation of the relative draft. If the Buyers fail to provide such letter of credit in the Sellers? favor as
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