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增强英语翻译

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篇一:如何提高英语翻译能力

如何提高英语翻译能力

发表日期:2010-4-15 来源:资源推荐 编辑:admin 点击数:1308

翻译是把一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来的一种创造性的语言活动。翻译能力的提高是一个长期实践和不断积累的过程。从根本上讲,要提高翻译能力,首先要提高词汇和语法水平。英汉词汇都很丰富,除了纯技术术语是绝对的一一对应,绝大多数英汉词汇都是多重意义对应,这就需要根据上下文、原著风格、翻译技巧来选择适当的用词,注意不同词汇间的内涵和外延的差别、文体间的差异、词性的转换等等。翻译过程就是正确理解原文和创造性地用另一种语言再现原文的过程,大体上可分为理解和表达两个阶段,当然这两个阶段是相互联系的。当译者在理解的时候,他会不自觉地挑选适当的表达形式;在译者表达时,又会重新考虑自己的理解是否正确。但通常翻译首先源于理解,对原文的正确理解是好的翻译结果的保证。要达到对原文有一个正确的理解,不仅要理解表面文字,还要了解隐藏在文字后面的内容,即字里行间的内容,还有作者的情感、好恶,及写作的风格。

译文好坏的衡量标准

对于译文的好坏,中国的翻译家们大都赞同严复很早就提出的"信、达、雅"的衡量标准,其中"忠实和通顺"是最重要的。译文首先要忠实于原文,忠实的程度取决于对原文理解的程度,评判译文就是间接评判理解的准确性,忠实于原文就是要忠实于原文表达的内容、

结构、风格。第二是表达通顺,在忠实于原文的基础上,还要考虑译文语言的表达习惯。还有就是翻译的技巧和经验。翻译常有些程式化的处理方式,也就是技巧,比如长句的翻译方法、分合句的翻译方法等等,只有多实践,多分析自己的译文和他人的译作,才能逐渐提高翻译水平。

翻译者必须具备的基本条件

所谓基本素养,是指翻译者必须具备的基本条件,亦即对翻译者的基本要求。除了应该具有高尚的“译德译风”和严肃认真、一丝不苟的科学态度之外,译者必须具备三方面的素养,即一定的英语水平、较高的汉语修养和丰富的学科专业知识。大量的翻译实践表明,这三方面的素养越高,越能顺利地完成翻译工作。关于英语水平,应注意打牢基础,扩大词汇量,广泛阅读,最好能听、说、读、写、译五方面训练同时并进,较之单攻翻译能更快提高英语水平。在汉语修养方面,应加强语法、逻辑、修辞等方面知识的研修,多阅读、多写作、多练习修改文章。在学科专业知识方面,要努力精通本职业务,多了解相关专业知识;经常阅览国内、外护理专业期刊,掌握学科发展动态。

通过大量实践来提高翻译能力

翻译是一项创造性的语言活动,具有很强的实践性。不通过大量的实践而要提高翻译能力,无异于想学游泳却又不下水一样。当然,实践也要讲究科学性。初学者若无行家里手的指点,最好是先找一些难度切合自己水平且有汉语译文的材料进行翻译练习。自己的译

文写成后同人家的译文相对照。先看看自己在理解方面是否准确,其次看看自己的表达是否符合汉语的语言习惯,从中找到不足。随着水平的提高,可找些比较简单的本专业基础知识方面的文章进行翻译,以后逐步过渡到英文护理文献的翻译。坚持循序渐进多翻译多投稿,定会果实累累。在时间允许的情况下,最好能坚持每天都多少搞点翻译。随着时间的推移,一定会大有长进。

要多向他人学习并勇于创新

初学翻译的同志一方面可多读些英汉对照类阅读材料或有汉语注释的英语读物;另一方面还可根据译文类杂志上提供的某篇译文的原文出处去查找到相应的原文,继而进行对照阅读。通过对比分析,可以找出自己的差距,学习和吸收他人在理解原文精神和翻译表达等方面的长处,促进翻译能力的提高。如果是自己选材进行翻译,当遇到问题难以解决时,要虚心向他人求教。另外经常阅读一些有关翻译技巧的书籍,也有助于翻译能力的提高。与此同时,还要有敢于创新的精神。在翻译过程中,既不能拘泥于别人提供的译文,也不能受囿于以往形成的条条框框。随着翻译能力的不断提高,可以根据翻译标准的要求去创造新的表现手法,进一步完善翻译工作。 英语长句的译法

对于每一个英语句子的翻译, 并不只是使用一种翻译方法, 而是多种翻译方法的综合运用, 这在英语长句的翻译中表现得尤为突出。长句在科技性的文体中的出现极为频繁, 因此也就成为研究生入学考试的重点, 通过对近年来试题的分析我们可以看出, 所考查

的绝大多数划线的部分都是长句。在翻译长句时, 首先,不要因为句子太长而产生畏惧心理,因为,无论是多么复杂的句子,它都是由一些基本的成分组成的。其次要弄清英语原文的句法结构, 找出整个句子的中心内容及其各层意思, 然后分析几层意思之间的相互逻辑关系, 再按照汉语的特点和表达方式, 正确地译出原文的意思, 不必拘泥于原文的形式。

英语长句的分析

一般来说, 造成长句的原因有三方面: (1) 修饰语过多;(2) 并列成分多; (3) 语言结构层次多。在分析长句时可以采用下面的方法: (1) 找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语, 从整体上把握句子的结构。

(2) 找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语动词、介词短语和从句的引导词。 (3) 分析从句和短语的功能, 例如, 是否为主语从句, 宾语从句, 表语从句等,若是状语, 它是表示时间、原因、结果、还是表示条件等等)。 (4) 分析词、短语和从句之间的相互关系, 例如, 定语从句所修饰的先行词是哪一个等。 (5) 注意插入语等其他成分。 (6) 注意分析句子中是否有固定词组或固定搭配。

长句的翻译;顺序法。

英语习惯于用长的句子表达比较复杂的概念, 而汉语则不同,常常使用若干短句, 作层次分明的叙述。因此, 在进行英译汉时, 要特别注意英语和汉语之间的差异, 将英语的长句分解, 翻译成汉语的短句。在英语长句的翻译过程中, 我们一般采取下列的方法。当英语长句的内容的叙述层次与汉语基本一致时, 可以按照英语原文

的顺序翻译成汉语。例如:Even when we turn off the beside lamp and are fast asleep, electricity is working for us, driving our refrigerators, heating our water, or keeping our rooms

air-conditioned. 分析: 该句子由一个主句, 三个作伴随状语的现在分词以及位于句首的时间状语从句组成, 共有五层意思: A. 既使在我们关掉了床头灯深深地进入梦乡时; B.电仍在为我们工作; C. 帮我们开动电冰箱; D. 加热水; E. 或是室内空调机继续运转。上述五层意思的逻辑关系以及表达的顺序与汉语完全一致, 因此, 我们可以通过顺序法, 把该句翻译成:即使在我们关掉了床头灯深深地进入梦乡时, 电仍在为我们工作: 帮我们开动电冰箱, 把水加热, 或使室内空调机继续运转。

长句的翻译;逆序法。

英语有些长句的表达次序与汉语表达习惯不同, 甚至完全相反, 这时必须从原文后面开始翻译。例如:Aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenth century, because nowhere in nature is it found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements, most commonly with oxygen, for which it has a strong affinity. 分析: 这个句子由一个主句, 两个原因状语和一个定语从句, “铝直到19世纪才被人发现”是主句, 也是全句的中心内容, 全句共有四个谓语结构, 共有五层意思: A. 铝直到19世纪才被人发现; B. 由于在自然界找不到游离状态的铝; C. 由于它总是跟其他元素结合在一起; D. 最普遍的是跟氧结合; E. 铝跟氧有很强的亲和

篇二:英语翻译的十大方法

英汉两种语言在句法、词汇、修辞等方面均存在着很大的差异,因此在进行英汉互译时必然会遇到很多困难,需要有一定的翻译技巧作指导。常用的翻译技巧有增译法、省译法、转换法、拆句法、合并法、正译法、反译法、倒置法、包孕法、插入法、重组法和综合法等。这些技巧不但可以运用于笔译之中,也可以运用于口译过程中,而且应该用得更加熟练,因为口译工作的特点决定了译员没有更多的时间进行思考。

一、增译法

指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式,在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子,以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。这种方式多半用在汉译英里。汉语无主句较多,而英语句子一般都要有主语,所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候,除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或“There be?”结构来翻译以外,一般都要根据语境补出主语,使句子完整。英汉两种语言在名词、代词、连词、介词和冠词的使用方法上也存在很大差别。英语中代词使用频率较高,凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时,必须在前面加上物主代词。因此,在汉译英时需要增补物主代词,而在英译汉时又需要根据情况适当地删减。英语词与词、词组与词组以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般用连词来表示,而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系。因此,在汉译英时常常需要增补连词。英语句子离不开介词和冠词。另外,在汉译英时还要注意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语,以确保译文意思的完整。总之,通过增译,一是保证译文语法结构的完整,二是保证译文意思的明确。如:

①、What about calling him right away?

马上给他打个电话,你觉得如何? (增译主语和谓语)

②、If only I could see the realization of the four modernizations.

要是我能看到四个现代化实现该有多好啊!(增译主句)

③、Indeed, the reverse is true.

实际情况恰好相反。(增译名词)

④、就是法西斯国家本国的人民也被剥夺了人权。

Even the people in the fascist countries were stripped of their human rights.(增译物主代词)

⑤、只许州官放火,不许百姓点灯。

While the magistrates were free to burn down house, the common people were forbidden to light lamps. (增译连词)

⑥、这是我们两国人民的又一个共同点。

This is yet another common point between the people of our two countries.(增译介词)

⑦、在人权领域,中国反对以大欺小、以强凌弱。

In the field of human rights, China opposes the practice of the big oppressing the small

and the strong bullying the weak.(增译暗含词语)

⑧、三个臭皮匠,合成一个诸葛亮。

Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the mastermind.(增译注释性词语)

二、省译法

这是与增译法相对应的一种翻译方法,即删去不符合目标语思维习惯、语言习惯和表达方式的词,以避免译文累赘。增译法的例句反之即可。又如:

①、You will be staying in this hotel during your visit in Beijing.

你在北京访问期间就住在这家饭店里。(省译物主代词)

②、I hope you will enjoy your stay here.

希望您在这儿过得愉快。(省译物主代词)

③、中国政府历来重视环境保护工作。

The Chinese government has always attached great importance to environmental protection. (省译名词)

三、转换法

指翻译过程中为了使译文符合目标语的表述方式、方法和习惯而对原句中的词类、句型和语态等进行转换。具体的说,就是在词性方面,把名词转换为代词、形容词、动词;把动词转换成名词、形容词、副词、介词;把形容词转换成副词和短语。在句子成分方面,把主语变成状语、定语、宾语、表语;把谓语变成主语、定语、表语;把定语变成状语、主语;把宾语变成主语。在句型方面,把并列句变成复合句,把复合句变成并列句,把状语从句变成定语从句。在语态方面,可以把主动语态变为被动语态。如:

①、我们学院受教委和市政府的双重领导。

Our instituteis co-administrated by the States Education Commission and the municipal government. (名词转动词)

②、Too much exposure to TV programs will do great harm to the eyesight of children.孩子们看电视过多会大大地损坏视力。(名词转动词)

③、由于我们实行了改革开放政策,我国的综合国力有了明显的增强。

Thanks to the introduction of our reform and opening policy, our comprehensivenational strength has greatly improved. (动词转名词)

④、I’m all for you opinion.

我完全赞成你的意见。(介词转动词)

⑤、The reform and opening policy is supported by the whole Chinese people.

改革开放政策受到了全中国人民的拥护。(动词转名词)

⑥、In his article the author is critical of man’s negligence toward his environment. 作者在文章中,对人类疏忽自身环境作了批评。(形容词转名词)

⑦、In some of the European countries, the people are given the biggest social benefits such as medical insurance.

在有些欧洲国家里,人民享受最广泛的社会福利,如医疗保险等。(被动语态转主动语态)

⑧、时间不早了,我们回去吧!

We don’t have much time left. Let’s go back. (句型转换)

⑨、学生们都应该德、智、体全面发展。

All the students should develop morally, intellectually and physically. (名词转副词)

四、拆句法和合并法

这是两种相对应的翻译方法。拆句法是把一个长而复杂的句子拆译成若干个较短、较简单的句子,通常用于英译汉;合并法是把若干个短句合并成一个长句,一般用于汉译英。汉语强调意合,结构较松散,因此简单句较多;英语强调形合,结构较严密,因此长句较多。所以汉译英时要根据需要注意利用连词、分词、介词、不定式、定语从句、独立结构等把汉语短句连成长句;而英译汉时又常常要在原句的关系代词、关系副词、主谓连接处、并列或转折连接处、后续成分与主体的连接处,以及意群结束处将长句切断,译成汉语分句。这样就可以基本保留英语语序,顺译全句,顺应现代汉语长短句相替、单复句相间的句法修辞原则。如:

①、Increased cooperation with China is in the interests of the United States.

同中国加强合作,符合美国的利益。 (在主谓连接处拆译)

②、I wish to thank you for the incomparable hospitalityfor which the Chinese people are justly famous throughout the world.

我要感谢你们无与伦比的盛情款待。中国人民正是以这种热情好客而闻明世界的。(在定语从句前拆译)

③、This is particularly true of the countries of the commonwealth, who see Britain’s membership of the Community a guarantee that the policies of the community will take their interests into account.

英联邦各国尤其如此,它们认为英国加入欧共体,将能保证欧共体的政策照顾到它们的利益。(在定语从句前拆译)

④、中国是个大国,百分之八十的人口从事农业,但耕地只占土地面积的十分之一,其余为山脉、森林、城镇和其他用地。

China is a large country with four-fifths of the population engaged in agriculture, but only one tenth of the land is farmland, the rest being mountains, forests and places for urban and other uses.(合译)

五、正译法和反译法

这两种方法通常用于汉译英,偶尔也用于英译汉。所谓正译,是指把句子按照与汉语相同的语序或表达方式译成英语。所谓反译则是指把句子按照与汉语相反的语序或表达方式译成英语。正译与反译常常具有同义的效果,但反译往往更符合英语的思维方式和表达习惯。因此比较地道。如:

①、在美国,人人都能买到枪。

In the United States, everyone can buy a gun. (正译)

In the United States, guns are available to everyone. (反译)

②、你可以从因特网上获得这一信息。

You can obtain this information on the Internet. (正译)

This information is accessible/available on the Internet. (反译)

③、他突然想到了一个新主意。

Suddenly he had a new idea. (正译)

He suddenly thought out a new idea. (正译)

A new idea suddenly occurred to/struck him. (反译)

④、他仍然没有弄懂我的意思。

He still could not understand me. (正译)

Still he failed to understand me. (反译)

⑤、无论如何,她算不上一位思维敏捷的学生。

She can hardly be rated as a bright student. (正译)

She is anything but a bright student. (反译)

⑥、Please withholdthe document for the time being.

请暂时扣下这份文件。(正译)

请暂时不要发这份文件。(反译)

六、倒置法

在汉语中,定语修饰语和状语修饰语往往位于被修饰语之前;在英语中,许多修饰语常

常位于被修饰语之后,因此翻译时往往要把原文的语序颠倒过来。倒置法通常用于英译汉, 即对英语长句按照汉语的习惯表达法进行前后调换,按意群或进行全部倒置,原则是使汉语译句安排符合现代汉语论理叙事的一般逻辑顺序。有时倒置法也用于汉译英。如:

①、At this moment, through the wonder of telecommunications, more people are seeing and hearing what we say than on any other occasions in the whole history of the world.

此时此刻,通过现代通信手段的奇迹,看到和听到我们讲话的人比整个世界历史上任何其他这样的场合都要多。(部分倒置)

②、I believe strongly that it is in the interest of my countrymen that Britain should remain an active and energetic member of the European Community.

我坚信,英国依然应该是欧共体中的一个积极的和充满活力的成员,这是符合我国人民利益的。(部分倒置)

③、改革开放以来,中国发生了巨大的变化。

Great changes have taken place in China since the introduction of the reform and opening policy.(全部倒置)

七、包孕法

这种方法多用于英译汉。所谓包孕是指在把英语长句译成汉语时,把英语后置成分按照汉语的正常语序放在中心词之前,使修饰成分在汉语句中形成前置包孕。但修饰成分不宜过长,否则会形成拖沓或造成汉语句子成分在连接上的纠葛。如:

①、You are the representative of a country and of a continent to which China feels particularly close.

您是一位来自于使中国倍感亲切的国家和大洲的代表。

②、What brings us together is that we have common interests which transcend those differences.

使我们走到一起的,是我们有超越这些分歧的共同利。

八、插入法

指把难以处理的句子成分用破折号、括号或前后逗号插入译句中。这种方法主要用于笔译中。偶尔也用于口译中,即用同位语、插入语或定语从句来处理一些解释性成分。

如:如果说宣布收回香港就会像夫人说的"带来灾难性的影响",那我们要勇敢地面对这个灾难,做出决策。

If the announcement of the recovery of Hong Kong would bring about, as Madam put it, "disastrous effects," we will face that disaster squarelyand make a new policy decision.

篇三:课外加强翻译

Some of the most exciting information comes by way of the grapevine.

一些最激动人心的消息来自小道消息。

That is so because reports received through the grapevine are supposed to be secret. The information is all hush hush. It is whispered into your ear with the understanding that you will not pass it on to others.

之所以如此,是因为小道消息理应是秘密。这些信息都神神秘秘的,它被低声传入你耳朵的同时,都默认你不会再传给他人。

You feel honored and excited. You are one of the special few to get this information. You cannot wait. You must quickly find other ears to pour the information into. And so, the information - secret as it is – begins to spread. Nobody knows how far.

你感到荣幸和兴奋。你是为数不多的知情者之一。你迫不及待,必须赶紧把这消息告诉他人。这样,这个消息 - 作为秘密开始蔓延。没人知道它传播多远。

The expression by the grapevine is more than one hundred years old.

by the grapevine(通过小道消息)这句短语已有1百多年历史。

The American inventor, Samuel F. Morse, is largely responsible for the birth of the expression. Among others, he experimented with the idea of telegraphy – sending messages over a wire by electricity.When Morse finally completed his telegraphic instrument, he went before Congress to show that it worked.He sent a message over a wire from Washington to

Baltimore. The message was: "What hath God wrought?" This was on May twenty-fourth, eighteen forty-four.

美国发明家萨慕尔.摩斯 (Samuel F. Morse)对这句短语的诞生负很大一部分责任。其中,他进行了电报试验 - 通过电缆传送消息。当摩斯最终完成了他的电报装置,他在国会进行了展示。他从华盛顿通过电线发了一条消息到巴尔的摩。消息内容就是:“上帝创造了何等奇迹?”这是在1844年5月24日。 Quickly, companies began to build telegraph lines from one place to another. Men

everywhere seemed to be putting up poles with strings of wire for carrying telegraphic messages. The workmanship was poor. And the wires were not put up straight.

很快,公司开始兴建从一个地方到另一个地方那个的电报线路。到处都看到人们在栽电线杆拉线用于传输电报信息。由于施工质量差,电线没有被拉直。

Some of the results looked strange. People said they looked like a grapevine. A large number of the telegraph lines were going in all directions, as crooked as the vines that grapes grow on. So was born the expression, by the grapevine.

结果看起来有些奇怪。人们说电报线看起来像葡萄藤。大量的电报线通往四面八方,就像葡萄藤一样歪歪曲曲的。这样就诞生了这个短语,by the grapevine。

Some writers believe that the phrase would soon have disappeared were it not for the American Civil War.

一些作家认为,如果不是美国南北内战,这句短语可能很快就会消失。

Soon after the war began in eighteen sixty-one, military commanders started to send battlefield reports by telegraph. People began hearing the phrase by the grapevine to

describe false as well as true reports from the battlefield. It was like a game. Was it true? Who says so?

1861年内战开始不久,军事指挥员开始通过电报发送战报。人们开始听到用by the grapevine(来自前方电报)这句话描述或真或假的战报。这就像一个游戏,(这个战报情况)是真的吗?谁这么说的? Now, as in those far-off Civil War days, getting information by the grapevine remains

something of a game. A friend brings you a bit of strange news. "No," you say, "it just can't be true! Who told you?" Comes the answer, "I got it by the grapevine."

现在,在内战早已远去的日子里,获取信息by the grapevine仍然是一个游戏。一个朋友给你带来一个奇怪的消息。 “不,”你说,“这不可能是真的!谁告诉你吗?”他回答道:“这是我得到的小道消息。” You really cannot know how much – if any – of the information that comes to you by the grapevine is true or false. Still, in the words of an old American saying, the person who keeps pulling the grapevine shakes down at least a few grapes.

你真的不知道通过小道得到的消息有多少,是否有信息是真的还是假的。还是美国的那句老话,摇晃葡萄藤的人至少晃下几个葡萄(意为大量小道消息中,总有些是真的)。

Some of the most exciting information comes by way of the grapevine.

That is so because reports received through the grapevine are supposed to be secret. The information is all hush hush. It is whispered into your ear with the understanding that you will not pass it on to others.

You feel honored and excited. You are one of the special few to get this information. You cannot wait. You must quickly find other ears to pour the information into. And so, the information - secret as it is – begins to spread. Nobody knows how far.

The expression by the grapevine is more than one hundred years old.

The American inventor, Samuel F. Morse, is largely responsible for the birth of the expression. Among others, he experimented with the idea of telegraphy – sending messages over a wire by electricity. When Morse finally completed his telegraphic instrument, he went before Congress to show that it worked. He sent a message over a wire from Washington to

Baltimore. The message was: "What hath God wrought?" This was on May twenty-fourth, eighteen forty-four.

Quickly, companies began to build telegraph lines from one place to another. Men

everywhere seemed to be putting up poles with strings of wire for carrying telegraphic messages. The workmanship was poor. And the wires were not put up straight.

Some of the results looked strange. People said they looked like a grapevine. A large number of the telegraph lines were going in all directions, as crooked as the vines that grapes grow on. So was born the expression, by the grapevine.

Some writers believe that the phrase would soon have disappeared were it not for the American Civil War.

Soon after the war began in eighteen sixty-one, military commanders started to send battlefield reports by telegraph. People began hearing the phrase by the grapevine to

describe false as well as true reports from the battlefield. It was like a game. Was it true? Who says so?

Now, as in those far-off Civil War days, getting information by the grapevine remains

something of a game. A friend brings you a bit of strange news. "No," you say, "it just can't be true! Who told you?" Comes the answer, "I got it by the grapevine."

You really cannot know how much – if any – of the information that comes to you by the grapevine is true or false. Still, in the words of an old American saying, the person who keeps pulling the grapevine shakes down at least a few grapes.


增强英语翻译
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