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篇一：Samuel C自传

Samuel C.C. Ting – Biographical丁的自传

I was born on 27 January 1936 in Ann Arbor, Michigan, the first of three children of Kuan Hai Ting, a professor of engineering, and Tsun-Ying Wang, a professor of psychology. My parents had hoped that I would be born in China, but as I was born prematurely while they were visiting the United States, by accident of birth I became an American citizen. Two months after my birth we returned to China. Owing to wartime conditions I did not have a traditional education until I was twelve. Nevertheless, my parents were always associated with universities, and I thus had the opportunity of meeting the many accomplished scholars who often visited us. Perhaps because of this early infiuence I have always had the desire to be associated with university life.

Since both my parents were working, I was brought up by my maternal grandmother. My maternal grandfather lost his life during the first Chinese Revolution. After that, at the age of thirty-three, my grandmother decided to go to school, became a teacher, and brought my mother up alone. When I was young I often heard stories from my mother and grandmother recalling the difficult lives they had during that turbulent period and the efforts they made to provide my mother with a good education. Both of them were daring, original, and determined people, and they have left an indelible impression on me.

When I was twenty years old I decided to return to the United States for a better education. My parents' friend, G.G. Brown, Dean of the School of Engineering, University of Michigan, told my parents I would be welcome to stay with him and his family. At that time I knew very little English and had no idea of the cost of living in the United States. In China, I had read that many American students go through college on their own resources. I informed my parents that I would do likewise. I arrived at the Detroit airport on 6 September 1956 with $100, which at the time seemed more than adequate. I was somewhat frightened, did not know anyone, and communication was difficult.

Since I depended on scholarships for my education, I had to work very hard to keep them. Somehow, I managed to obtain degrees in both mathematics and physics from the University of Michigan in three years, and completed my Ph.D. degree in physics under Drs. L.W. Jones and M.L. Perl in 1962.

I went to the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) as a Ford Foundation Fellow. There I had the good fortune to work with Giuseppe Cocconi at the Proton Synchrotron, and I learned a lot of physics from him. He always had a simple way of viewing a complicated problem, did experiments with great care, and impressed me deeply.

In the spring of 1965 I returned to the United States to teach at Columbia University. In those years the Columbia Physics Department was a very stimulating place, and I had the opportunity of watching people such as L. Lederman, T.D. Lee, I.I. Rabi, M. Schwarts, J. Steinberger, C.S. Wu, and others. They all had their own individual style and extremely good taste in physics. I benefitted greatly from my short stay at Columbia.

In my second year at Columbia there was an experiment done at the Cambridge Electron

Accelerator on electron-positron pair production by photon collision with a nuclear target. It seemed to show a violation of quantum electrodynamics. I studied this experiment in detail and decided to duplicate it. I contacted G. Weber and W. Jentschke of the Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY) about the possibility of doing a pair production experiment at Hamburg. They were very enthusiastic and encouraged me to begin right away. In March 1966 I took leave from Columbia University to perform this experiment in Hamburg. Since that time I have devoted all my efforts to the physics of electron or muon pairs, investigating quantum electrodynamics, production and decay of photon-like particles, and searching for new particles which decay to electron or muon pairs. These types of experiments are characterized by the need for a high-intensity incident flux, for high rejection against a large number of unwanted background events, and at the same time the need for a detector with good mass resolution.

In order to search for new particles at a higher mass, I brought my group back to the United States in 1971 and started an experiment at Brookhaven National Laboratory. In the fall of 1974 we found evidence of a new, totally unpredicted, heavy particle - the J particle. Since then a whole family of new particles has been found.

In 1969 I joined the Physics Department of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). In 1977, I was appointed as the first Thomas Dudley Cabot Institute Professor of Physics at MIT. In recent years it has been my privilege to be associated with M. Deutsch, A.G. Hill, H. Feshbach, W. Jentschke, H. Schopper and G. Weber. All have strongly supported me. In addition, I have enjoyed working with many very outstanding young physicists such as U. Becker, J. Burger, M. Chen, R. Marshall and A.J.S. Smith.

I married Dr. Susan Marks in 1985. We have one son, Christopher, born in 1986 and I have two daughters, Jeanne and Amy, from an earlier marriage.

I have been awarded the Ernest Orlando Lawrence Award from the US government in 1976 and the DeGasperi Award in Science from the Italian government in 1988. I have also received the Eringen Medal awarded by the Society of Engineering Science in 1977, the Golden Leopard Award for Excellence from the town of Taormina, Italy in 1988 and the Gold Medal for Science and Peace from the city of Brescia, Italy in 1988. I am a member of the National Academy of Sciences (US) and the American Physical Society, the Italian Physical Society and the European Physical Society. I have also been elected as a foreign member in Academia Sinica, the Pakistan Academy of Science and the Academy of Science of the USSR (now Russian Academy of Science). I also hold Doctor Honoris Causa degrees from the University of Michigan, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Columbia University, the University of Bologna, Moscow State University and the University of Science and Technology in China and am an honorary professor at Jiatong University in Shanghai, China.

From Nobel Lectures, Physics 1971-1980, Editor Stig Lundqvist, World Scientific Publishing Co., Singapore, 1992

This autobiography/biography was written at the time of the award and first published in the

book series Les Prix Nobel. It was later edited and republished in Nobel Lectures. To cite this document, always state the source as shown above.

篇二：翻译

模糊综合评价模型对水资源

承载能力在塔里木河流域,新疆,中国

孟Lihong1、2、陈、李、赵Yaning1 Weihong1 Ruifeng1,2

(1。重点实验室和沙漠绿洲生态环境,新疆生态与地理研究所,

中国科学院,乌鲁木齐830011、中国;2。中国的大学毕业生

科学院,北京100049,中国)

文摘:本文探讨了综合评价方法,水资源承载力和集

一个评价模型应用模糊综合评价方法。基于数据的自然、社会、经济和水资源的塔里木河流域在2002年,我们的水资源承载力评价流域模型的方法。结果表明,综合成绩是0.438和0.454为阿克苏和 Kashi分别县,当前水资源开发利用已经达到了一个相对

高学位,只有非常有限的水资源承载能力,为0.620 Kizilsu柯尔克孜自治州, 在水资源承载力要高得多,在Bayingolin之间为和田和蒙古吗

自治州。

作为一个整体,综合品位塔里木河流域是0.508和当前

水资源开发利用已达到一个相对高的程度。因此,我们建议集成水资源管理应加强盆地为了科学利用水资源

和可持续。

关键词:水资源能力;模糊综合评价;隶属度;塔里木河流域;

新疆

1介绍

在所有的自然资源在经济发展所需,

水是最重要的一个,特别是在

干旱和半干旱地区。水资源

能力是一个重要的指标的水资源安全

这可以指导可持续发展

干旱和半干旱地区的(Shi和屈原,1992)。以前

水资源承载力的研究

主要集中在综合评价(Wang和

姚明,2000年)、系统动态仿真(李et al。,2000)

和多目标分析。一些外国学者

带来了水资源承载能力的可持续

发展理论(Miloradov和Cukic,1995;

Rijiberman,2000;哈里斯,1999;Falkenmark和

Lundqvist,1998)。水资源的研究

容量的内河流域干旱地区没有

只有是重要的在建立水资源管理

策略,而且还直接影响到可持续发展

开发本地版。

中国西北地区的生态系统是非常

脆弱的,由于水资源的严重缺乏。

矛盾的加剧环境

保护和经济发展的地区

是不可避免的结果的开发利用

有限的水资源为当地经济

活动一方面和伟大的担忧

恶化的地区环境另一方面。

可持续发展的区域社会经济发展,

因此,已经被严重的限制。一个

对于这样的担忧是特定区域的塔里木河流域

在新疆维吾尔自治区南部,

中国西北部,这是最长的内河在

中国的主流测量1321公里

长度(陈等人。,2004)。

在过去五十年里,自然生态过程在流域已经明显改变了下密集的人类活动主要由剥削

和水资源的利用,和之间的冲突

生态保护和经济发展

已经变得越来越显化。在低于

321公里段河是完全干燥和下垂

湖和Taitema湖,在尾巴的

塔里木河、枯竭分别于1970年和1972年。

此外,在大多数地区的地下水位

下游降低(陈和徐,徐et al,2004;

2008)。这些环境问题导致降解

胡杨森林的在大的地区,一个

沉重的生物多样性减少,和一个障碍生态系统的结构和功能。越来越

环境的恶化和水资源短缺

塔里木河流域的资源造成了巨大的

担忧。之前的研究在塔里木河流域

主要集中在地下水之间的关系

和植物物种多样性(陈等人。,2006),和

水资源利用和剥削(毛泽东,2001)。

一些研究者也进行了研究,以确定

区域经济之间的关系

发展和生态后果有关

开发水源(Ma和高,1997;妈妈,

2000)。然而,很少有研究的尝试

和理解水资源承载能力

塔里木河流域。在本文中,我们评估

水资源承载能力通过一个模糊

综合评价模型,使用数据的性质,

社会、经济和水资源的塔里木盆地

河流域2002。研究的目的是

提供决策者基地让政策

可持续开发利用塔里木盆地

河流域。

2研究区

有五个县在塔里木河流域,包括

阿克苏、喀什、和田、Kizilsu县

柯尔克孜自治州,Bayingolin蒙古

自治州(毛泽东,2001)。它是由

九水系统在外围的盆地,

主流的塔里木河,塔克拉玛干

沙漠和东戈壁(陈和徐,2004)。与

历史的变化和密集的干扰通过

人类活动,尤其是开发绿洲

农业,已经发生了巨大的变化在盆地。

大多数水系统逐渐解体和

失去了与主流的关系。到目前为止只有

三个水系统、和田河,莎车县河

和阿克苏河,有一种天然的水力关系

与主流。三条河流,连同

Kaidu-Konqi河的水,提供较低

达到主流通过库塔主要运河,

被称为“四古城(歌曲,1999)(图1)。

3数据和方法 3.1数据来源

本文使用的数据收集从水

资源公报的新疆塔里木河流域

2002年,新疆统计年鉴1955 - 2005(新疆统计局,2005),包括基本的情况的四个古城和主流

塔里木河和5个县在塔里木河

盆地,如人口、土地面积、平均年度

降水、水资源总量、总供水

等等。

评估因素的值进行计算

从原始数据。此外,该指数

各个评价因子的分类确定

通过咨询其他评价标准的水资源 (王et al,2005;徐,1993)。

3.2模糊综合评价模型

给两个有限组

U= [u1, u2,…, um], V= [v1, v2,…,

vn],U代表了集合由所有的

评价因素;V代表集合组成

所有的备注成绩;rij是判断的评价结果

因子ui备注vj,所以判断决策

矩阵m评价因素如下(王et al。,

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