测控技术与仪器专业英语翻译

篇一：测控技术与仪器专业英语课文翻译

当然，有应用的个人电脑的所有者可能想比仅通过GPIB与各种设备的奇数，提供更高的性能。这种系统通常称为基于PC的工作站。在基于PC的工作站，仪器模块匹配性能和兼容性都聚集围绕PC电脑。基于PC的工作站允许来自多台仪器的数据迅速聚集，存储，作图，分析，并纳入一台PC机上的报告形式。这种类型的系统一般都放在一个制造商合作，以提高性能和涉及的仪器模块之间的合作。

There are, of course, applications for which the owner of a PC may want higher performance than that offered by the GPIB alone, with its odd assortment of devices. Such systems are generally referred to as PC-based workstations. In a PC-based workstation, instrument modules with matched performance and compatibility are clustered around a PC computer. The PC-based workstation allows data from multiple instruments to be rapidly gathered ,stored, graphed ,analyzed, and incorporated into report form on a single PC. Systems of this type are generally put together by one manufacturer to enhance performance and cooperation between the instrument modules involved.

一个基于PC的工作站的一个例子是惠普推出的PC仪器系统。 PC仪器是一系列的九个专用仪器模块，旨在通过一个专门的接口总线操作惠普触摸屏II个人电脑，IBM PC / XT / AT，AT＆T的电脑6300，或的HP Vectra PC。在PC的仪器提供仪器模块是一个50 MHz的数字示波器，一个12位数字 - 模拟转换器双通道，100 MHz的通用计数器，5 MHz的函数发生器，数字万用表。

An example of a PC-based workstation is the PC Instruments system introduced by Hewlett-Packard. PC Instruments are a series of nine dedicated instrument modules designed to operate over a dedicated interface bus by an HP Touchscreen II personal computer ,an IBM PC/XT/AT, an AT&T PC 6300, or an HP Vectra PC. Among the instrument modules available for PC Instruments are a 50-MHz digitizing oscilloscope, a 12-bit dual-channel digital-to-analog converter, a 100-MHz universal counter, a 5-MHz function generator, and a digital multimeter.

从仪器模块收集的测试数据直接送入电脑存储，显示和分析。该仪器模块本身有没有米，或显示自己的。所有输出，包括波形显示，通过电脑屏幕上，可同时显示多达八个不同的仪器输出。

Test data gathered from the instrument modules are fed directly to the PC for storage, display, and analysis. The instrument modules themselves have no meters or displays of their own. All outputs, including waveform displays, are through the PC screen, and up to eight different instrument outputs may be displayed simultaneously.

PC仪器通信与PC通过PC的仪器总线，或PCIB。 PCIB实现一个单一的接口卡插入到PC主板的扩展槽。每个PCIB接口卡支持多达8个仪器模块。安装到计算机中的第二个PCIB，允许为8个额外的仪器模块的支持。

PC Instruments communicates with the PC via the PC Instruments Bus, or PCIB. PCIB is implemented with a single interface card that plugs into one expansion slot of the PC motherboard. Each PCIB interface card supports up to eight instrument modules. Installing a second PCIB into the computer permits support for an eight additional instrument modules.

PCIB是独一无二的，它支持并行和串行通信（图1）。乍一看，两个通信信道，在一个单一的总线系统的想法似乎是多余的。然而，仔细分析，是实现节约成本和减少冗余。

The PCIB is unique in that it supports both parallel and serial communications (Figure 1). At first glance, the idea of having two communications channels in a single bus system appears to be redundant. On closer analysis, however, a cost saving is realized and the redundancy is reduced.

在一个典型的GPIB系统，有需要的输入和/或输出接地和计算机隔离，以使可浮动测量的仪器，如电压和电流米。隔离通常是providedby光隔离器的GPIB通信仪器中的数据串行方式使用并行到串行的转换。从仪器的数据，也必须通过使用光隔离串行到并行的转换器传递到GPIB。因此，每一个设备，需要隔离，还需要自己的一双光隔离器和相应的转换器。

In a typical GPIB system there are instruments, such as voltage and current meters, that require the inputs and/or outputs to be isolated from earth ground and the computer so that floating measurements can be made. The isolation is typically provided by optoisolators communicating the data from the GPIB side to the instrument in serial fashion using a parallel-to-serial converter. Data coming from the instrument likewise must pass to the GPIB through an optoisolator using a serial-to-parallel converter. Consequently, every device that requires isolation also requires its own pair of optical isolators and respective converters.

在PC仪器，测试仪器，可以选择之间的隔离的串行通信通道或更快，非隔离总线并

行通信。串行通道的并行到串行和串行到并行转换器被放置在接口卡，从而降低了系统成本，同时提高性能。

In PC Instruments, the test instrument may choose between an isolated serial communications channel or the faster, nonisolated parallel communications bus. The parallel-to-serial and serial-to-parallel converters for the serial channel are placed on the interface card ,thus reducing system cost while improving performance.

PCIB并行通信通道（图2）提供高速数据路径为文书，并不需要隔离。数据可传输速率最高可达100K字节/秒，受个人电脑主机的限制。并行通信通道包含一个8位数据路径，两条控制线，与相应的地面回报，是26芯的带状电缆连接个人电脑主机的模块化仪器的一部分。PCIB并行通信通道是向上兼容的GPIB，PC仪器最通用的系统。

The PCIB parallel communications channel (Figure 2) offers a high-speed data path for instruments that do not need isolation. Data can be transmitted at rates up to 100K bytes/second, subject to limitations of the host personal computer. The parallel communications channel consists of an 8-bit data path, two control lines, with appropriate ground returns, are part of the 26-conductor ribbon cable that connects the host personal computer to the modular instruments. The PCIB parallel communications channel is also upwardly compatible the GPIB, making PC Instruments a most versatile system.

PC仪器的最令人印象深刻的的方面之一是软前面板的系统软件，它提供了一个交互式图形用户手动控制仪器的机制。控制面板也可以直接调用eithej - DOS，BASIC，或任何其他语言，产生正确的反应，因此，贷款使用定制软件程序的计算机自动测试系统。

One of the most impressive aspects of PC Instruments is the soft front-panel system software, which provides an interactive graphics mechanism for the user to control instruments manually. The control panel can also be invoked directly from eithej- DOS, BASIC, or any other language that produces the correct response, thus lending the system to computer automated testing using customized software routines.

前面板软件模拟传统乐器堆放台式，允许用户同时观看所有的控制模块。它是一件简单的事TD选择一个新的仪器，利用简单的触摸屏，鼠标或键盘输入。

The front-panel software emulates a benchtop stacked with traditional instruments,allowing the user to control one module while viewing them all. It is a simple matter tdselect a new instrument using simple touch-screen, mouse, or keyboard inputs.

为每个已安装的仪器模块的软件是包含在所有时间内的主机电脑。每个测试模块的性能进行了优化个人表现及互动合作。数字示波器软件，例如，在当前的PC仪器行是最复杂的，是代表什么系统能够做到的事情。数字示波器]软件包分成五大功能：硬件设置，数据采集和显示，用户界面，测量，并计划控制。

The software for each installed instrument module is contained within the host computer at all times. The performance of each test module has been optimized for both individual performance and interactive cooperation. The software for the digitizing oscilloscope，for example, is the most complex in the current PC Instruments line, and is representative of what the system is capable of doing. The digitizing oscilloscope] software package is broken into five major functions： hardware setup, data acquisition and display, user interface，measurements, and program control.

硬件设置设置纵向和横向的敏感性，延迟timip耦合输入，采集模式，并触发配置示波器模量被调用时，安装说明在PCIB发送执行示波器modufl。

The hardware setup sets the vertical and horizontal sensitivities，delay timip coupling input，acquisition mode，and trigger configuration for the oscilloscope moduli When invoked，the setup instructions are sent over the PCIB to the oscilloscope modufl for execution.

数据采集包括以下测量过程，从示波器模块读取一个251字节的数据字符串。根据上述过程中所描述的硬件设置缩放的数据。用户使用前面板的图形，每个屏幕上的设置可能会被修改。因此，在数据显示的变化可飞。

Data acquisition consists of reading a 251-byte data string from the oscilloscope module following a measurement procedure. The data is scaled according to the hardware settings described in the procedure above. The settings may be modified by the user using the front-panel graphics that are available on every screen. Consequently, change in the display of the data can be made on the fly.

测量包包括控制电压和时间标记和自动参数测量上升时间，下降时间的波形分析?时期，频率，脉冲宽度，过冲，前冲，峰 - 峰值电压。这些测量的基础上的251字节的数据从示波器模块的字符串使用直方图来确定的绝对和相对maximum9 minitnum，和个百分点，以及上升沿和下降沿的位置，统计分析。因为统计学的数据显示，而不是身体，它也受到tosoftware处理在大致相同的方式，信号处理与RC Flectronics是IS - 16 COMPUTERSCOPE在本章开头所述。

The measurement package includes control of voltage and time markers and waveform analysis for automatic parametric measurements of rise time，fall time? period, frequency, pulse width, overshoot, preshoot，and peak-to-peak voltage. These measurements are based on a statistical analysis of the 251-byte data string from the oscilloscope module, using a histogram to determine the absolute and relative maximum9 minitnum, and percentage points, as well as the location of rising and falling edges. Because the data is displayed statistically，not physically，it is also subject tosoftware processing in much the same way that signal processing was done with the R C Flectronics IS-16 COMPUTERSCOPE described at the beginning of this chapter.

个人电脑工具软件还允许通过电脑仪器之间的数据交换。例如，在示波器显示屏上看到的变化，可以调整使用软件的反馈循环，函数发生器，继电器执行器等，一个应用程序可能预期随频率变化。通过监测被测设备的输出电压，使用示波器，可自动补偿信号波动的数据字符串和软件处理，函数发生器的输出电平调整。

The PC Instruments software also allows for data exchange between instruments via the computer. For example，changes seen on the oscilloscope display can be adjusted using software feedback loops to the function generator, relay actuator, etc. One application may be expected to vary with frequency. By monitoring the output voltage of the device under test, using the oscilloscope，s data string and software processing, adjustment to the output level of the function generator can be made to automatically compensate for signal fluctuations

基于PC的工作站，不论是作为一个像惠普PC从GPIB元件组装的仪器系统购买，也非常适用于自动化测试环境。自动测试系统，自动测试设备（ATE）组装，计算机与数字控制的激励和测量仪器接口

The PC-based workstation，whether purchased as a system like the Hewlett-Packard PC Instruments of assembled from GPIB components, also lends itself well to automated testing environments. Automated testing systems，assembled from automatic test equipment (ATE), are a result of the computer being interfaced with digitally controlled stimulus and measurement instrumentation.

ATE正在迅速取代台式设置，手动控制，使测量的仪器。一旦启动，ATE可以继续在没有外界干预其运作，可以在几秒钟内数以千计的参数测试。 ATE的记录测试数据时，不犯错误，不妥协的测试，不会忘记测试，不累。因此，ATE极大地提高了吞吐量和测量精度。它甚至可以纠正自己的错误，其测量结果比较已知的标准和补偿的区别。

ATE is quickly replacing the benchtop setups of instrumentation that were manually controlled to make measurements. Once started, ATE can continue its operation with no outside intervention and can test thousands of parameters in seconds. ATE does not make mistakes when recording test data, does not compromise a test， does not forget tests, and does not get tired. Consequently, ATE dramatically improves throughput and measurement accuracy. It can even correct its own errors by comparing its measurement results to a known standard and compensating for the difference.

可分为三大类：台式，专用，通用ATE测试系统。生产半导体和大型电子系统，专用自动测试设备是必要的，尽管沉重，投资。但是，成千上万的小系统和子系统制造商，成本更低的台式PC为基础的工作站是更好的解决方案。

ATE test system may be divided into three classes：benchtop, dedicated, and general-purpose. For manufactures of semiconductors and large electronics systems, dedicated automatic test equipment is a necessary, albeit hefty, investment. But for thousands of small systems and subsystems manufacturers, the less costly benchtop PC-based workstation is the better solution.

灵活的ATE系统通常由加入由IEEE - 488或RS - 232总线，以纾缓的不兼容问题，可以发生在来自不同供应商的连接部分的现成文书。这种方法的主要优点是，它可以很容易地为多种测试应用程序重新配置，只需更换一个另一台仪器。

A flexible ATE system usually consists of off-the-shelf instruments joined by an IEEE-488 or RS-232 bus to relieve the incompatibility problem that can occur in linking parts from different vendors. A major advantage of this approach is that it can easily be reconfigured for a variety of test applications by simply swapping one instrument for another.

灵活的ATE测试中，是没有操作员干预的应用一般是完全可编程。尽管如此，其成分也应该允许操作员干预或手动操作时的情况使然。例如，手动操作时，仪器具有功能关闭行轻微的测试任务，为维护或故障排除目的，或系统测试软件的编写和调试是可取的。

Flexible ATE is generally fully programmable for applications in which testing is to be done with no operator intervention. Nonetheless，its components should also allow for operator intervention or manual operation when the situation so dictates. For example，manual operation is desirable when an instrument has to function off-line for maintenance or troubleshooting purposes, for minor testing tasks, or for writing and debugging the system test software.

到ATE的一个缺点是在编写软件所产生的费用。因为编写软件可配置ATE系统时，最大的单一任务，必须谨慎，在选择编程语言和程序结构。有人估计，软件开发成本可以运行系统成本的90％。一般而言，ATE系统将耗资4至7倍多相当于手动工具。

A drawback to ATE is the expense incurred in writing the software. Because writing software can be the largest single task when configuring an ATE system, care must be exercised in the programming language selected and the structuring of the program. In some estimates, the cost of software development can run 90 percent of the cost of the system. Generally, an ATE system will cost four to seven times more than equivalent manual instrument.

篇二：测控技术与仪器专业英语翻译

5. Inheritance

In Figure 9.7, the classes SalesOrderCheclcPmt and SalesOrderCreditPmt are called subclasses of SalesOrder. The class SalesOrder is called the super class of SalesOrderCheckPmt and SalesOrderCreditPmt. The relationship between a class and its subclass (or superclass) is called generalization or specialization. Subclasses inherit attributes and operations from their class. A subclass has its own additional attributes and operations. For example, the class SalesOrderCreditPmt inherits the attributes order No, order Date, delivery Date, and order Terms and the methods calcTotal and changeDelivDate. In this case, the class SalesOrder is the generalized class, and SalesOrderCheckPrmt and SalesOrderCreditPrmt are the specialized classes.

6. Polymorphism

Earlier it was mentioned that a DVR and a DVD player that respond similarly but differently to the same message are polymorphic. Polymorphism means "having many forms". In the context of OQSAD, polymorphism means that the same message can invoke similar but different behavior. Thus, a message that invokes the operation calcTotalQ of a :SalesOrder object will result in the sales order total calculation; a message that invokes the operation calcTotaIQ of a PurchaseOrder object will result in a purchase order total calculation. The implementation of the operations in the respective classes will be different.

Foundations of the object model

Structured design methods evolved to guide developers who were trying to build complex systems using algorithms as their fundamental building blocks. Similarly, object-oriented design methods have evolved to help developers exploit the expressive power of object-based and object- oriented programming languages, using the class and object as basic building blocks. Foundations of the object model.

Actually, the object model has been influenced by a number of factors, not just object-oriented programming. The object model has proven to be a unifying concept in computer science, applicable not just to programming languages but also to the design of user interfaces, databases, and even computer architectures. The reason for this widespread appeal is simply that an object orientation helps us to cope with the complexity inherent in many different kinds of systems.

5。继承

在图9.7中，类SalesOrderCheclcPmt和SalesOrderCreditPmt被称为SalesOrder的子类。类SalesOrder被称为超类SalesOrderCheckPmt和SalesOrderCreditPmt的。一类和它的子类（或超类）之间的关系被称为泛化或专业。子类继承他们的阶级属性和操作。子类有它自己的附加属性和操作。例如，类SalesOrderCreditPmt继承属性订单号，订单日期，发货日期和订单术语和方法calcTotal和changeDelivDate。在这种情况下，类SalesOrder是广义类，并SalesOrderCheckPrmt

和SalesOrderCreditPrmt是专门的类。

6.多态性

早些时候有人提到，DVR和DVD播放器，以相同的消息作出回应，但类似的不同是多态。多态是指“有多种形式”。在OQSAD的上下文中，多态性是指同一消息可以调用类似，但不同的行为。因此，一条消息，调用的操作calcTotal：SalesOrder对象将导致销售订单总额计算;一个消息调用了一个采购订单对象的操作calcTotaL将导致采购订单总额计算。在各自的类中的操作的实现将是不同的。

对象模型的基础

结构化设计方法演变为指导开发谁试图建立使用的算法作为其基本构建模块的复杂系统。同样的，面向对象的设计方法已经发展到帮助开发人员利用基于对象和面向对象编程语言的表现力，使用类和对象的基本构建模块。对象模型的基础。

实际上，对象模型已经由许多因素的影响，而不是仅仅面向对象编程。对象模型已经被证明是一个统一概念在计算机科学中，适用不只是为了编程语言，但也给用户接口，数据库，甚至计算机体系结构设计。这样做的原因广泛的吸引力仅仅是一个面向对象的帮助我们以应付所固有的许多不同种类的系统的复杂性。

篇三：测控技术与仪器专业英语阅读翻译

Underwater Acoustic Signal

In the operation of a sonar system the operator is repeatedly faced with the problem of detecting a signal which is obscured by noise. This signal may be an echo resulting from a transmitted signal over which the operator has some control, or it may have its origin in some external source. These two modes of operation arise in radar surveillance and in disciplines for techniques and for illustrations of the basic principles.

Since there are many ways in which one can think about signal detection , it is desirable to define a term to denote special cases . The word detection will be used when the question to be answered is, ‘Are one or more signals present?’ when the system is designed to provide an answered to this question , either deterministic or probabilistic, one speaks of hypothesis testing. The case of a single signal occurs so often that many system are designed to provide only two answers, ‘Yes , a signal is present,’ or ‘No, there is no signal.’ One can make the problem more complicated by endeavoring to classify the signal into categories. Decisions of this latter kind will be referred to as target classification.

Normally a piece of detection equipment is designed to operate in a fixed mode and the

parameters such as integrating time of rectifier circuits or persistence of the oscilloscope tube for visual detection cannot be changed readily. There will always be some uncertain signals, which the observer will be hesitant to reject or accept. In these cases the operator might have the feeling that if the integrating time of the detector or the persistence of the oscilloscope tube were longer, he could reach a decision about the existence of the signal. Wald(1950) has formulated this

intuitive feeling into a theory of detection. When one is able to vary deliberately the interval over which one stores data in the reception system in order to achieve a certain level of certainty, one speaks of sequential detection.

Frequently it is desirable to determine not only the presence or absence of the signal but also one or more parameters associated with the signal . The parameters of interest can vary widely from a simple quantity such as time of arrival or target bearing to the recovery of the complete

waveform . When a system is designed to recover one or more parameters associated with thesignal , one speaks of signal extraction.

The word signal was not defined and it was assumed that the reader had an intuitive felling for the word. Some elaboration may be in order since the definition of signal subjective and depends on theapplication . One may say that ‘signal’ is what one wants to observe and noise is anything that obscures the observation. Thus, a tuna fisherman who is searching the ocean with the aid of sonar equipment will be overjoyed with sounds that are impairing the performance of a nearby sonar system engaged in tracking a submarine. Quite literally, one man’s signal is another man’s noise.

Signals come in all shapes and forms. In active sonar system one may use simple sinusoidal signals of fixed duration and modulations thereof. There are impulsive signals such as those made with explosions or thumpers. At the other extreme one may make use of pseudorandom

signals. In passive systems, the signals whose detection is sought may be noise in the conventional meaning of the word; noise produced by propellers or underwater swimmers, for example. It

should be evident that one of our problem will be the formulation of mathematical techniques that can be used to describe the signal.

Although the source in an active sonar search system may be designed to transmit a signal known

shape, there is no guarantee that the return signal whose detection is sought will be similar. In fact , there are many factors to change the signal. The amplitude loss associated with inverse spherical spreading is most unfortunate for the detection system nut it does not entail any distortion of the wave shape . (Incidentally, where the wave can be approximated locally as a plane wave.) The acoustic medium has an attenuation factor , which depends on the frequency . This produces a

slight distortion of the wave shape and a corresponding change in the energy spectrum of the pulse. The major changes in the waveform result from acoustic boundaries and inhomogeneities in the medium.

When echoes are produced by extended targets such as submarines, there are two distinct ways in which echo structure is affected. First, there is the interference between reflections from the different leads to a target strength that fluctuates rapidly with changes in the aspect. Secondly, there is the elongation of the composite echo due to the distribution of reflecting features along the submarines. This means that the duration of the composite echo is dependent in a simple manner on the aspect angle. If T is the duration of the echo from a point scatterer, and L is the length of the submarine, the duration of the returned echo will be T=(2L/c)cosA ,where A is the acute angle between the major axis of the submarine and the line joining the source and the submarine. C is the velocity of sound in the water. Of course, LcosA must be replaced by the beam width of the submarine when A is near.

A final source of pulse distortion is the Doppler shifts produced by the relative motions between the source, and the target (or detector in passive listening) may each have a different velocity relative to the bottom, the variety of effects may be quite large.

水下声波信号

在声纳操作过程中，操作员经常需要对受噪声干扰的信号进行检波。干扰信号可能来自操作员发出信号的反射波或者外部声源的信号。这两种类型的干扰对主动声纳和被动声纳都会造成很大影响。类似的情况在雷达监测、工程类和图像类专业的基本原理都会涉及到。当你想到信号检测时有多种方法，那么定义一个术语来表示特殊情况便是可行的。当问题的答案是“当前有一个还是一个多个信号？”时，检波一词将被使用。一个系统被设计来为这种问题提供答案--无论是必然性还是偶然性，这就需要谈及假设检验；当一个信号反复出现的情况下，许多系统只被设计提供两个答案：“是的，当前有一个信号”或“不，当前没有信号”。力图将信号分类会使问题复杂化，因为后者的结论将涉及到目标分类。一般来说，一种检波仪器只被设计在固定的类型和参数下工作，不容易被改变，例如时间积分检波电路和光学检测的辉光示波管。当出现不明信号时，观察者在拒绝或接收信号方面有所迟疑。在这种情况下，操作员会有种感觉如果检波电路或者示波管能够延长时间那么他就能下结论该信号是否存在。沃尔德（1950）在他的检波理论系统阐述了这种直觉。如果（一个检测检测方法）能够主动去改变时间间隔并在接收系统里储存数据以便达到确定的某一水平，这就是顺序检测。

一般不仅能够确定信号存在与否，而且还能确定一个或多个与信号关联的参数。在还原完整波形时我们所感兴趣的参数在各简单分量间有很大差别，例如信号的到达时间和相位。

当一个系统被设计来提取一个或多个信号参数时，这就是信号抽取。

信号一词并没有明确的定义，只是在读者对它有直观了解时的一种假设。有些较为详

细的解释为了对信号一词进定义可能导致是比较主观的或者狭隘与所应用的条件。也许你会说信号就是你想观察到的而噪声就是对观察者产生干扰的信号。但是，一个渔民在用声纳设备搜索海洋时，附近用来追踪潜艇的声纳干扰导致的信号削减常常会使他欣喜若狂。毫不夸张地说，一个人的信号将会是另一个人的噪声。

信号的形式和构成是多种多样的。在主动声纳系统中，可以利用相关的固定宽度和调制正弦信号。类似的有脉冲信号，例如爆炸或者撞击。在一些极端的情况可以利用伪随机信号。在被动声纳系统中，例如螺旋桨或潜泳者发出的噪声。很明显，如何利用数学公式的方法来描述一个信号成为了我们所面临的问题。

即是在主动声纳系统中的超声波发射器传播已知波形的信号，但无法保证检测后查找出来的反射信号也是类似的波形。振幅和反向球面传播信号失去关联是检波系统最不利的情况，因为它无法承担任何波形畸变。（偶然地，这种事件的乐观情况并不适用于2维波，除非它传播到足够远的地方，可以近似认为是平面波。）声波的传导介质会对其造成衰减，（衰减的程度）取决于声波的频率。这就造成了少量的波形失真和对脉冲波形能谱造成相当的改变。主要的改变还是由于波形的边缘效应和传播介质的不均匀所引起的。

当反射波是由外部物体例如潜艇所发出的，这时反射波的结构主要受两种不同方式的影响，第一，由两种反射信号之间的干扰导致外界声源的强度与跟随相位的改变迅速波动，第二，合成反射波的延伸是沿着（来自）潜艇反射的散布特征，这就意味着持续时间取决于相位角的简单特征。如果T是反射波由一个点扩散的持续时间，L是潜艇的长度，那么反射波的回射时间就是 ， 是潜艇主轴和声纳拖曳线之间的夹角（锐角），C则是声音在水中的传播速率。当然，当 接近的时候 必须用潜艇的宽度代入。

最后一个造成脉冲波形失真的原因声源，船体，介质，目标之间相对运动所造成的多普勒效应。由于声源，介质，目标（或者被动接收器的探测端）相对于船体都有不通的速度向量，所以各种因素的影响之间的区别也很大。

《测控技术与仪器专业英语翻译》
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