篇一：专四阅读详解 吃一堑长一智
星期4 Thursday
A fall into a pit, a gain in your wit.吃一堑，长一智。
The dog, called Prince, was an intelligent animal and a slave to Williams. From morning till night, when Williams was at home, Prince never left his sight, practically ignoring all other members of the family. The dog had a number of clearly defined duties, for which Williams had patiently trained him and, like the good pupil he was, Prince lived for the chance to demonstrate his abilities. When Williams wanted to put on his boots, he would murmur “Boots” and within seconds the dog would drop them at his feet. At nine every morning Prince ran off to the general store in the village, returning shortly with not only Williams’ daily paper but a half-ounce packet of Williams’ favorite tobacco, John Rhine’s Mixed. A gun-dog by breed, Prince possessed a large soft mouth specially evolved for the safe carrying of hunted creatures, so that the paper and the tobacco came to no harm, never even showing a tooth mark.
Williams was a railway man, an engine driver, and he wore a blue uniform which smelled of oil and oil fuel. He had to work at odd times — “days”, “late days” or “nights”. Over the years Prince got to know these periods of work and rest, knew when his master would leave the house and return, and the dog did not waste his knowledge. If Williams overslept, as he often did, Prince barked at the bedroom door until he woke, much to the annoyance of the family. On his return, Williams’ slippers were brought to him, the paper and tobacco if previously delivered.
A curious thing happened to Williams during the snow and ice of last winter. One evening he slipped and fell on the icy pavement somewhere between the village and his home. He was so badly shaken that he stayed in bed for three days, and not until he got up and dressed again, did he discover that he had lost his wallet containing over fifty pounds. The house was turned upside down in the search, but the wallet was not found. However, two days later — that was five days after the fall — Prince dropped the wallet into Williams’ hand. Very muddy, stained and wet through, the little case still contained fifty-three pounds, Williams’ driving license and a few other papers. Where the dog had found it no one could tell, but found it he had and recognized it probably by the faint oil smell on the worn leather.
1. How did Prince perform his duties?
[A] He was delighted to show them off.
[B] He did his best but was not often successful.
[C] He did them quickly, so as not to be punished by his master.
[D] He had few opportunities to do them.
2. According to the passage, gun-dogs
[A] were the fastest runners of all dogs.
[B] had their teeth removed when they were young.
[C] could carry birds, etc, without hurting them.
[D] bred well, producing many young dogs.
3. We learn from the passage that
[A] Williams did not get enough sleep.
[B] Williams had unfixed working times.
[C] the dog grew accustomed to traveling by train.
[D] the dog was confused about the time of day.
4. It upset Williams’ family when
[A] Williams had to go to work at night.
[B] the dog made too much noise in the house.
[C] Williams made them all get up early.
[D] the dog would not let them see the newspaper.
5. Williams did not realize his loss for several days because
[A] he trusted the dog to find the wallet.
[B] he was unconscious all that time.
[C] he had thought the wallet was left in the office.
[D] he had no occasion to feel in his pockets.
6. The dog thought it was Williams’s wallet because
[A] he found it where Williams had fallen.
[B] he had seen it before and recognized it.
[C] he found a wallet and by chance it was Williams’s.
[D] he was familiar with the scent of it.
Text B
What will people use the Internet for? Shopping and banking will be big growth areas. Henley predicts that, from under 1% of all purchases today, it will account for 6.4% of purchases within four years, amounting to 42 billion. Sales have already started with dry goods such as books and CDs and, as people learn to trust it, will move on to regular purchases such as food. Iceland, the supermarket chain, began computer shopping trials two weeks ago and has already signed up at least 15,000 customers, ranging from busy executives to the housebound. When it links up with digital television, Iceland expects to double that immediately.
Yet internet-linked televisions and phones may be only the start. One potential breakthrough is Bluetooth, named after a 10th-century Danish king famed for his rotten front tooth and uniting warring factions in Denmark and Norway.
The modern Bluetooth allows an unlikely array of machines to talk to each other, so that a phone tucked away in a briefcase can remember to send out a signal that turns on a video machine 50 miles away, switches on the heating or starts the cooker. Cars, offices and kitchens will all speak to each other. In Finland, the idea of phones communicating with computerized tills so that you press a button and pay for your supermarket goods or drink from a vending machine is being tested. Said one enthusiast: “Your phone will be your remote control for life.”
As with all revolutions, there are reservations. Health concerns about mobile phones are uesolved, with microwave radiation linked to increased tiredness and headaches in one recent study in Sweden.
Some argue that more sophisticated entertainment at home will deepen antisocial “cocooning” trends, that internet grocery deliveries will kill off the last corner shops, and that a “couch potato” generation of children will grow even more over-fat.
The most significant impact, however, will be in the way we work. Adrian Hansford, director of millennial projects at BT, predicts it will encourage more people to work at home. “People have talked about telecommuting for years, but at last it makes economic sense. Many officers will turn into touchdown centers, where people will only occasionally call in. This is already the case for one in five at BT,” he said.
7. What’s NOT true about the Internet purchases?
[A] Many people still don’t trust it very much now.
[B] There will be a great growth in the sales.
[C] It will become a major form of purchase within four years.
[D] A wider variety of goods will be purchased via the Internet.
8. Some people are reserved about Bluetooth because they believe that
[A] mobile phones are still harmful to one’s health.
[B] Bluetooth will violate people’s privacy.
[C] they might be controlled by someone else.
[D] it will replace the remote control of people.
9. With the development of phone communicating,
[A] it will be helpful to cure headaches and tiredness.
[B] goods would be delivered from corner shops.
[C] people will tend to stay at home for a longer time.
[D] people will find it more difficult to get things they want.
10. Which of the following is NOT caused by Bluetooth?
[A] People won’t have to go to the office every day.
[B] People will no longer have to work.
[C] People will become too fat for lack of exercise.
[D] People will become separate from others.
Text C
His palms were sweating. He needed a towel to dry his grip. A glass of ice water quenched his thirst, but hardly cooled his intensity. It was as hot as the competition he faced today at the National Junior Olympics. The pole was set as 17 feet. That was three inches higher than his personal best. Michael Stone confronted the most challenging day of his pole-vaulting career.
As long as Michael could remember, he had always dreamed of flying. Michael’s mother read him numerous stories about flying when he was growing up. Michael had this one recurring dream. He would be running down a country road. He could feel the rocks and chunks of dirt at his feet. As he raced down the golden-lines wheat fields, he always out-ran the locomotives passing by. It was at the exact moment he took a deep breath that he lifted off the ground. He would soar like an eagle.
From the age of 14, Michael began a very careful and regimented weightlifting program. The program was carefully monitored by his father. All of Michael’s vaults today seemed to be the reward for his hard work. But he wasn’t surprised or thrilled about clearing the bar at 17 feet, which made him one of the final two competitors.
When he cleared the bar at 17 feet 2 inches and 17 feet 4 inches, again he showed no emotion. Now the bar was set at nine inches higher than his personal best. As he lay on his back and heard the crowd moan, he knew the other vaulter had missed his final jump. It was time for his final jump. Since the other vaulter had fewer misses, Michael needed to clear this vault to win. A miss would get him second place. Nothing to be ashamed of, but Michael would not allow himself the thought of not winning first place.
He rolled over and did his ritual of three finger-tipped push-ups(俯卧撑) along with three Marine-style push-ups. He found his pole, stood and stepped on the runway that led to the most challenging events of his 17-year-old life.
As he began sprinting down the runway, something felt wonderfully different, yet familiar. The surface below him felt like the country road he used to dream about. The rocks and chunks of dirt, the visions of the golden wheat fields seemed to fill his thoughts. When he took a deep breath, it happened. Michael began to fly, just like in his childhood dreams. Only this time he knew he wasn’t dreaming.
It was either the eruption of the people in the stands or the thump of his landing that brought Michael back to earth. He could imagine the smile on his parents’faces. But what he didn’t know was that his father was hugging his mother, crying. He was crying the greatest tears of all: tears of pride.
With all the media attention, endorsement possibilities and swarming herds of heartfelt congratulation, Michael’s life would never be the same. It wasn’t just because he won the National Junior Olympics and set a new world record. And it wasn’t because he had just increased his personal best by 9 inches. It was simply because Michael Stone is blind.
11. What’s Michael’s personal best before the National Junior Olympics?
[A] 17 feet 3 inches. [B] 16 feet 7 inches.
[C] 17 feet 4 inches. [D] 16 feet 9 inches.
12. Michael chose pole-vaulting as his career partly due to
[A] his recurring dream of eagle. [B] his mother’s affect.
[C] his ability to out-ran locomotive. [D] his father’s monitoring.
13. According to the passage, we can know that Michael Stone
[A] likes daydreaming. [B] runs very fast.
[C] is indifferent to the result. [D] is cool-headed.
14. Which of the following statements is NOT true?
[A] Only Michael and the other vaulter cleared the bar at 17 feet.
[B] Michael’s rival cleared the bar at 17 feet 2 inches and 17 feet 4 inches.
[C] Before his final jump, Michael got fallen down and lay on his back.
[D] When running down the runway, Michael felt as if he were dreaming.
15. The best title for this passage is
[A] A Dream of Flying[B] A New World Record
[C] A Dream of a Blind Boy [D] A Blind Vaulter
Text D
“I want to criticize the social system, and to show it at work, at its most intense.” Virginia Woolf’s provocative statement about her intentions in writing Mrs. Dalloway has regularly been ignored by the critics, since it highlights an aspect of her literary interests very different from the
traditional picture of the “poetic” novelist concerned with examining states of daydream and vision and with following the intricate pathways of individual consciousness. But Virginia Woolf was a realistic as well as a poetic novelist, a satirist and social critic as well as a visionary: literary critics’ inattentive dismissal of Woolf’s social vision will not withstand scrutiny.
In her novels, Woolf is deeply engaged by the questions of how individuals are shaped (or corrupted) by their social environments, how historical forces impact on people’s lives, how class, wealth, and gender help to determine people’s fates. Most of her novels are rooted in a realistically rendered social setting and in a precise historical time.
Woolf’s focus on society has not been generally recognized because of her intense disgust at propaganda in art. The pictures of reformers in her novels are usually satiric or sharply critical. Even when Woolf is fundamentally sympathetic to their causes, she portrays people anxious to reform their society and possessed of a message or program as arrogant or dishonest, unaware of how their political ideas serve their own psychological needs. (Her A Writer’s Diary notes: “the only honest people are the artists,” whereas “these social reformers and philanthropists… harbor… discreditable desires under the disguise of loving their kind…”) Woolf hated what she called “preaching” in fiction, too, and criticized novelist D.H. Lawrence (among others) for working by this method.
Woolf’s own social criticism is expressed in the language of observation rather than in direct commentary, since for her, fiction is a contemplative, not an active art. She describes phenomena and provides materials for a judgment about society and social issues; it is the reader’s work to put the observations together and understand the coherent point of view behind them. As a moralist, Woolf works by indirection, subtly undermining officially accepted mores, mocking, suggesting, calling into question, rather than asserting, advocating, bearing witness: hers is the satirist’s art.
Woolf’s literary models were acute social observers like Chekhov and Chaucer. As she put it in The Common Reader, “It is safe to say that not a single law has been framed or one stone set upon another because of anything Chaucer said or wrote; and yet, as we read him, we are absorbing morality at every pore.” Like Chaucer, Woolf chose to understand as well as to judge, to know her society root and branch — a decision crucial in order to produce art rather than argumentative.
16. What’s the author’s attitude towards the literary critics mentioned in Para. 1?
[A] scornful. [B] joking.
[C] indifferent.[D] disappointed.
17. Woolf realistically described the social setting in her novels because
[A] literary critics considered her novels to be the most realistic.
[B] she was interested in society’s effect on people.
[C] she needed to support the arguments she advanced.
[D] literary critics would charge her for her inexactness.
18. According to Woolf, the causes of reformers were
[A] disgusting.
[B] satiric or sharply critical.
[C] worthy of sympathy
[D] arrogant and dishonest.
19. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
[A] Woolf criticized D.H. Lawrence for the realistic settings in his novels.
篇二：吃一堑长一智
吃一堑长一智
---------谈谈如何正确对待挫折与失败
提起吃一堑、长一智大家都不难理解。在座的很多同志也许都还记得，去年我们连的退伍战士王军—一个曾经受过处分的战士，一年就打了“翻身仗”，被评为优秀士兵。他的体会就是我们常说的那句话：吃一堑、长一智。换句话说也就是如何正确对待挫折与失败的问题。在现实生活中，可以说，挫折与失败是人生的一种普遍现象，每个人都不可避免地要遇到这样或那样的挫折与失败。比如：有的入党、入学、提干、学技术、转志愿兵的愿望落空；有的突然突然受到重伤或患了重病；有的家庭发生天灾人祸或严重纠纷；有的对象吹灯或被别人“撬”走；有的工作失误或违纪而受到批评或处分等等。面临这些挫折与失败，有的同志能够正确对待，做到了吃一堑、长一智，而有的同志却在吃了一堑之后，立刻像泄了气的皮球，消沉起来。这种对待挫折和失败的态度显然不对。今天这堂课我就讲讲，作为一名革命军人，应该如何正确对待挫折与失败的问题。
字幕：
一、要正视挫折与失败存在的客观性，勇敢地面对现实。 挫折和失败是任何人都躲避不掉的，在工作和生活中遇到点失意、受到点委屈等，都是正常的。从主观愿望上讲谁都想在事业上一帆风顺，但在实际生活中，人人又都不可避
免地会遇到程度不同的挫折或失败。正如陈毅元帅在一首诗中写的：“因知天地宽，何处无风云；因知山水远。到处有不平”。既然挫折和失败是客观存在的，那么，我们就要勇敢地面对现实。被人们誉为“中国保尔”的张海迪，从小就身患高位截瘫，为了实现自己的愿望，她凭着顽强的毅力，躺在病床上学文化，对着镜子学外语。现在她已完成了《轮椅上的梦》等多部脍炙人口的作品，还翻译了大量的外国名著。有人向她探询成功的秘诀，她这样回答：“也许我会有一百次的失败，但我仍会有一百零一次的追求，而追求本身就是生活给予我最好的报酬。”人们之所以羡慕、崇敬这位高位截瘫的姑娘，是因为人们看见了她那颗纯洁而坚强的心。记得有一位哲人曾这样说过：“既然你降临到这个世界上，就得象大海承受雨水一样，勇敢地去承受人间的困苦和挫折，任何惧怕和逃避，都是无济于事的。”这话讲得很有哲理。因为在人生的旅途中并非都是蓝天白云，风和日丽，也有严冬酷暑，暴风骤雨。这就提醒我们必须有充分的思想准备，不能被突如其来的挫折和失败所吓倒。一旦挫折和失败来临，我们要用坦然的态度去迎接它，把挫折变成激发我们前进的动力。奥斯特洛夫斯基说的好：“人的生命似洪水在奔腾，不遇岛屿和暗礁。难以激发起美丽的浪花。”正视挫折还应克服一种错误倾向，这就是把挫折简单归结为命运不好。某部一位失恋的战士说，瞎子曾给他算过命，断言必须找5 个对象婚事才能成，刚吹灯的这位是第3个。为此，他连呼命不好，整天无精打采。有了挫折便埋怨命运，这显然是没有
道理的。它不但无助于你改变被动局面，而且还将严重地削弱人的意志。我当排长时，有一叫李强的战士，考学提档后未被录取，总是认为自己命运不好，整天怨天尤人，放弃了自己的追求，年底复员回家了。相反，咱们连的文书王立龙在这个问题上处理得就比较好，考学两次落榜，毫无怨言，而是认真总结经验教训，查找自己的薄弱环节，继续发奋苦读，第三年终于考上了高炮学院，实现了自己的人生凤愿。同样是吃堑，结果却完全不同，这就告诉我们：把挫折归结到命运上，只能一时平衡倾斜的心理，对最终战胜挫折是无济于事的，只有认真地正视受挫的原因，才能找到战胜挫折的方法。
字幕：
二、把挫折和失败当成朋友，勇于磨练自己。
有这样一个故事：从前有一个乞丐和一个富翁同时迷路走进一座森林，数天之后。富商饿死了，但乞丐却依然活着。后来有人问乞丐其中的奥妙，他说：“我对饥饿已经习惯了，况且草根也能充饥；可那富商平日大鱼大肉，哪能承受了这般苦，故他早我而亡。”同样的道理，假如一个人总是生活的一帆风顺，那么一旦遇到挫折或逆境，将显得比别人更束手无策。因此，凡是聪明者，都是愿把挫折当成朋友、在逆境中磨练自己的人。
字幕： 俗话说：“自古英雄多磨难”。翻开历史的画卷，无论是在过去的历史上，还是在当今的时代中，许多的著名的人物都是在挫折中成名的。有人专门翻阅过国外293个著
名文艺家的传记，发现127人在生活中遭遇过重大挫折，而他们的成功都有一个共同的公式，即挫折——奋起——成功。从这个公式上可以看出：这正是他们善于吃一堑、长一智的结果。贫贱忧戚，玉汝于成。历史上许多志士仁人都是在挫折的奋斗中，创造出不平凡业绩的。我国汉代史学家司马迁对古代圣贤在逆境中发愤创作的成就曾有一番感慨，他说：“文王拘而演周易。仲尼厄而作春秋。屈原放逐，乃赋离骚。左丘失明厥有国语。孙子膑脚，兵法修列。不韦迁蜀，世传吕览。韩非囚秦。说难孤愤。诗三百篇，大抵圣贤发愤之所为作也。”司马迁本人也在遭受宫刑之后，发愤著书，终于写出了被鲁迅誉为“史家之绝唱，无韵之离骚”的名著《史记》。这就告诉我们（字幕）：逆境并不可怕，可怕的是在逆境面前退却、沉沦。在逆境面前，需要的是乐观、自信、自强，需要的是战胜困难、一往无前的勇气和拼搏精神。大家都听说过越王勾践卧薪尝胆的故事吧，春秋战国时期，越国被吴国打败，越王勾践当了俘虏。他忍受着奇耻大辱，给吴王夫差喂了三年马，处处小心，逆来顺受，买得吴王欢心，被放回越国。勾践回国后，时刻不忘这次挫折，立志洗雪国耻。为了不致让安逸的生活把自己报仇的决心消磨掉，晚上他不睡舒适的床铺，而是睡在柴草堆里，房子里面吊着一只苦胆，每天早起后、晚睡前以及吃饭时，他都要尝尝苦胆的滋味，提醒自己不要忘了亡国之耻。越王勾践发愤图强，十年以后，越国重新强盛起来终于打败吴国。可见，挫折能使一个人变得更加坚强。原我们团三连班长付子明，入伍后，
家庭连遭不幸，先后失去了双亲，家庭里唯一的大哥接着又在一次车祸中丧生，在不到一年的时间内，连续失去三位亲人，可想而知，这一连串沉重的打击，对一般人来说都是难以承受的，然而，挫折并没有摧垮他，反而更加坚定了付子明生活的信心和勇气，他把失去亲的悲痛化为工作上的动力，高标准地完成了连队交给他的各项任务。后来，他不仅入了党，当上了班长，而且还荣立了二等功。
字幕：通过以上这些事例，我们应当认识到：挫折虽然能给人带来痛苦，但它往往可以磨练人的意志，激发人的斗志，可以使人学会思考，调整自己的行为。以更好的方式实现自己的理想。因此，大家要善于把挫折和失败当成朋友，勇于磨练自己。
字幕：三、加强自我调控，积极对待挫折
对待挫折和失败有两种态度：一种是碰壁之后，总结教训继续前进，直至成功；一种是碰了壁之后不再向前或倒而退之，半途而废。作为革命战士，应该是一个吃堑增智的强者。即使摔倒了，也要及时爬起来，继续前进。勇过挫折和失败这道关。
首先要辩证地认识挫折。用辩证的观点看，挫折并不是失败的标志，而是朝着成功进步的开始，当有人嘲笑爱迪生发明蓄电池失败了二万五千次时，这位卓越的发明家回答说：“不我没有失败，我发现了二万五千次蓄电池不管用的原因”。他又说：失败是我需要的，它和成功对我一样有价值，只有我知道一切做不好的方法之后，我才能知道做好一件工
篇三：吃一堑长一智
吃一堑长一智:Eat a cutting wisdom Definitions:
Cut: trenches, metaphor difficulties, setbacks. By a setback, an increase of one point of knowledge.
《吃一堑长一智》
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