intended,meaning

篇一：语言学

标准日语课后练习翻译及答案1-18课

1.3 Design features of language 语言的结构特征

Design features------ refers to the defining properties of human language

that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. They are

arbitrariness, duality, creativity/ productivity, displacement, clutural

transmission and interchangeability.

Design features----- are features that define our human languages,such as

arbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,cultural transmission,etc.(指决

定了人类语言性质的特征.例如任意性,二重性,创造性,移位性,文化转移性等.)

The American linguist Charles Hockett specified twelve design features.

What is arbitrariness?任意性

a. arbitrariness【 'ɑ?b?tr?r?n?s】---- arbitrariness(任意性): one design

feature of human language,which refers to the fact that the

forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their

meaning.(人类语言的本质特征之一,指语言符号的形式与意义

之间没有自然的联系.)

It was discussed by Saussure first.The link between them is

a matter of convention.

E.g. “house” uchi (Japanese)

Mansion (French)

房子(Chinese)

(1) arbitrary between the sound of a morpheme and its meaning语言的音

和义之间的任意性

a. By “arbitrary”, we mean there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. 语言的意义和语音之间没有逻辑关系。

A gog might be a pig if only the first person or group of persons had

used it for a gig. Language therefore is largely arbitrary.

b. But language is not absolutely seem to be some sound-meaning

association, if we think of echo words, like “bang ” ”crash” ”roar ” ” rumble ” ”cakle”, which are motivated in a certain sense.”

onomatopoeia拟声词---words that sound like the sounds they describe那

些发音像它们的描写的声音的词

c. some compounds (words compounded to be one word ) are not entirely

arbitary either. “type ” and ”write ”are opaque or unmotivated words, while

“type -writer” is less so, or more transparent or motivated than the words

that make it . so we can say “arbitrariness” is a matter of degree.

arbitrary and onometopoeic effect may work at the same time.任意性和拟

声可以同时起作用。

Eg. The murmurous haunt of flies on summer eves.夏日黄昏，群蝇嗡嗡地

非。

(2) Arbitrary at the syntactic level 句法上的任意性

According to systematic-functionalists and American functionlists,

language is not arbitrary at the syntactic level. 对于系统功能语言学家和美

国功能语言学家来说，语言在句法上是非任意的。

Syntax-----it refers to the ways that sentences are constructed according

to the grammar of arrangement.句法就是依据语法安排造句之法。

(3) Aribrtary and convention任意性和约定性

The link between a linguistic sign and its meaning is a matter of

convention.语言学上的符号和它的意义之间是约定俗成的关系。

The other side of coin of arbitrariness , namely, conventionality.任意性的

相反面，即约定性。

conventionality----It means that in any language there are certain

sequences of sounds that have a conventionally accepted meaning.

Those words are customarily used by all speakers with the same intended

meaning and understood by all listeners in the same way.

Arbitrainess of langauge makes it potentially creative, and conventionality

of language makes learning a language laborious.任意性赋予语言潜在的

创造力，而语言的约定性又使学习语言变得费力。

There are two different schools of belief concerning arbitrariness. Most

people, especially structural linguists believe that language is arbitrary by

nature. Other people, however, hold that language is iconic, that is, there

is a direct relation or correspondence between sound and meaning, such

as onomatopoeia.(cuckoo; crash)

For the majority of animal signals, there does appear to be a clear

connection between the conveyed message and the signal used to

convey it, And for them, the sets of signals used in communication is finite.

b. duality【dju?'?l?t?】 (二重性):--- one design feature of human language,

which refers to the property of having two levels of structures , such

as units of the primary level are composed of elements of the

secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of

organization.(人类语言的本质特征之一,指拥有两层结构的这种特性,

底层结构是上层结构的组成成分,每层都有自身的组合规则.)

duality----language is simultaneously organized at two levels or layers, namely,

the level of sounds and that of meaning.

the higher level ----words which are meaningful

the lower or the basic level----sounds which are meaningless, but can be

grouped and regrouped into words.

Dog: woof (but not “w-oo-f ” )

This duality of levels is, in fact, one of the most economical features of

human language, since with a limited set of distinct sounds we are

capable of producing a very large number of sound combinations (e.g.

words) which are distinct in meaning.

The principle of economy 经济原则

Linguists refer “duality” (of structure) to the fact that in all language so far

investigated, one finds two levels of structure or patterning. At the first, higher level, language is analyzed in terms of combinations of meaningful units (such as morphemes, words etc.). At the second, lower level, it is seen as a sequence of segments which lack any meaning in themselves, but which combine to form units of meaning.

According to HUZHUANGLIN, language is a system of two sets of structures or two levels, one of sound and the other of meaning. This is important for the workings of language.

A small number of semantic words /units, and these units of meaning can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences.这些意义单位组成无数个句子。(Note that we have dictionaries of words, but no dictionary of sentences!).

Duality makes it possible for a person to talk about anything within his knowledge. No anmial communication system enjoys this duality.

To talk about duality we must notice that language is hierarchical.说到语言的二重性，我们必须注意语言的等级性。

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c. Creativity----language is resourceful. It makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users.(novel utterances are continually being created.) non-human signals ,on the other hand, appears to have little flexibility.

creativity(创造性): one design feature of human language ,by creativity we mean language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness. (指语言的能产性,因为语言有二重性和递归性.)

productivity----productivity refers to the ability to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of sentences in one?s native language , including those that has never heard before , but that are appropriate to the speaking situation.人们能够利用语言中原有的规则来理解从未碰到过的语言符号的特征。 e.g. an experiment of bee communication:

The worker bee, normally able to communicate the location of a nectar

source , will fail to do so if the location is really ?new?.

In one experiment, a hive of bees was placed at the foot of a radio tower and

a food source at the top. Ten bees were taken to the top,

shown the food source, and sent off to tell the rest of the hive

about their find. The message was conveyed via a bee dance

and the whole gang buzzed off to get the free food. They flow

around in all directions, but couldn?t locate the food. The

problem may be that bee communication regarding location

has a fixed set of signals, all of which related to horizonta

distance. The bee cannot create a ?new ? message indicating

vertical distance.

No one has never said or heard “A red-eyed elephant is dancing on the

small hotel bed with an African gibbon”, but he can say it when

necessary, and he can understand it in right register.

Different from artistic creativity, productivity never goes outside the language,

thus productivity is also called “rule-bound creativity” (by N.

Chomsky)

Productivity is unique to human language. 创造性是人类语言的独一无二的

特征。

d. displacement(移位性): one design feature of human language, which

means human language enable their users to symbolize

objects, events and concepts which are not present c in time

and space, at the moment of communication.(指人类语言可以

让使用者来表示在说话时(时间和处所)并不存在的物体,时间和

观点.)

Bee communication:

When a worker bee finds a source of nectar and returns to the hive, it can

perform a complex dance routine to communicate to the other

bees the location of this nectar. Depending on the type of

dance (round dance for nearby and tail-wagging dance, with

variable tempo, for further away and how far), The other bees

can work put where this newly discovered feast can be found.

Bee communication has displacement in an extremely limited

form. However, it must be the most recent food source.

Displacement , as one of the design features of the human language, refers to

the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as

easily as he does things present. In other words, one can refer

to real or ueal things, things of the past, of the present, of the

future.人类语言可以被用来指不在当时当地发生的事情，这就使

得人类能够谈论许多事情而不受时空限制。

Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate

situations of the speak, that means language has the feature of

displacement.

Language itself can be talked about too. When a man , for example, is crying

to a woman, about something, it might be something that had

occurred, or something that is occurring, or something that is

to occur. When a dog is barking, however, you can decide it is

barking for something or at someone that exists now and there.

It couldn?t be bow-wowing sorrowfully for a bone to be lost. The

bee?s system, nonetheless, has a small share of

“displacement”, but it?s an unspeakable tiny share

e. Cultural transmission----genetic transmission

You acquire a language in a culture with other speakers and not from

parental genes.

The process whereby language is passed on from one generation to the

next is described as cultural transmission.

This means that language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but that the details of the linguistic system must be learned anew by each speaker. It is true that the capacity for language in human beings (N. Chomsky called it “language acquisition device”, or LAD) has a genetic basis, but the particular language a person learns to speak is a cultural one other than a genetic one like the dog?s barking system. （人类学习语言的能力有遗传基础，但任何详细的语言系统都必须通过教授和学习才能获得，这说明语言具有文化传递性，它不是靠人类的本能而获得的。）

If a human being is brought up in isolation he cannot acquire language. The Wolf Child reared by the pack of wolves turned out to speak the wolf?s roaring “tongue” when he was saved. He learned thereafter, with no small difficulty, the ABC of a certain human language.

Animal call systems are genetically transmitted.动物是靠其基因来传递其呼叫系统的。

f. interchangeability 互换性

interchangeability means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages. Though some people suggest that there is differentiation in the actual language use, in other words, men and women may say different things, yet in principle there is no sound, or word or sentence that a man can utter and a woman cannot, or vice versa. On the other hand, a person can be the speaker while the other person is the listener and as the turn moves on to the listener, he can be the speaker and the first speaker is to listen. It is turn-taking that makes social communication possible and acceptable. Some male birds, however, utter some calls which females do not (or cannot). When a dog barks, all the neighboring dogs bark. Then people around can hardly tell which dog /dogs is /are “speaking” and which listening.

What features of human language have been specified by C. Hockett to show that it is essentially different from any animal communication system? Arbitrariness----a sign of sophistication only humans are capable of. Duality----a feature totally lacking in any animal communication.

Creativity----animals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send. Displacement----no animal can talk about things removed from the immediate situation.

Cultural transmission-----details of human language system are taught and learned while animals are born with the capacity to send out certain signals as a means of limited communication.

Why do linguists say language is human specific?

First of all, human language has six “design features” which animal communication systems do not have, at least not in the true sense of them.

篇二：英语修辞

英语修辞(English Rhetoric)

Figures of speech (修辞)are ways of making our language figurative. When we use words in other than their ordinary or literal sense to lend force to an idea, to heighten effect, or to create suggestive imagery, we are said to be speaking or writing figuratively.

1.Simile(明喻）

It is an expressed likeness, which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic (特性)in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as...as, and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other.

e.g He bellowed like a bull seeking combat. 他像寻衅的公牛一样怒吼着。

He leaped up like a little singed cat.

The diamond is as blue as the sea.

As light as a feather; as cunning as a fox;

As cheerful as a lark; as hard as a stone

In his dream he saw the tiny figure fall as a bird.

2.Metaphor：(暗喻）

It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated.

e.g The world is a stage. Time is money.

Habit is a cable; every day we weave thread, and soon we cannot break it.

Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed and some few to be chewed and digested.

The pain of separation; the light of learning

3.Analogy: (类比）

It is also a form of comparison, but unlike simile or metaphor which usually uses comparison on one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parallel between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points of resemblance. The pattern is : a is to b as c is to d借助一些共同的相似之点来做平行的比较，比明喻和暗喻着眼点更广阔。 e.g Shoe is to foot as tire is to wheel.

Followers are to a leader as planets are to a sun.

Shells were to ancient cultures as dollar bills are to modern culture.

As cold water is to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country.

4.Personification: (拟人）

when you make a thing, idea, or an animal do something only humans can do. 把事、物、观念等拟作人，赋予它们以人的思想、感情与行为方式。

e.g The wind whistled through the trees.

Money talks; money prints; money broadcasts; money reigns.

Wind yells while blowing.

The flowers were suffering from the intense heat.

5.Hyperbole: (夸张）

It is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration to achieve emphasis. 在真实的基础上有意言过其实以更好地反映事物的本质。

e.g He almost died laughing.

Hamlet: I love Ophelia: forty thousand brothers could not, with all their quantity of love, make up my sum.

His eloquence would split rocks.

My legs weigh three tons.

6.Understatement: 低调陈述/含蓄陈述

It is the opposite of hyperbole, or overstatement. It achieves its effect of emphasizing a fact by deliberately(故意地) expressing it too weakly or minimizing the importance, impressing the listener or the reader more by what is merely implied or left unsaid than by bare statement. 轻描淡写地陈述一种想法。

Understatement is usually employed in two ways:

1) by using litotes, i.e. by using a negative statement to express the contrary in order to give emphasis

e.g The face wasn’t a bad one: it had what they called charm. (正话反说，反映说话者的矜持)

The man is no fool. 这个人决不是个傻瓜

I shan’t be sorry when this is over. (I shall be very glad when this is over.)

2) by using such downtoners as a bit, scarcely, hardly, rather, quite, pretty, kind of, sort of, something of, almost, etc. in place of such uptoners as very.

e.g. Mr. Li is something of a philosopher. 李先生有些哲学家的风味。

The place is some distance off. (the place is far away.) (那个地方离这有点距离。）

There was a slight disturbance in the city yesterday. All the shops were shut.

7.Euphemism: (委婉）

It is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive(无冒犯) expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant.

e.g. Charles Shively, 94, passed away at home and went to be with the Lord on April 22, 2004, from natural causes. He went to sleep peacefully—but forever.

(be called to God; be no more; go to his long home; be gone to a better land)

Funeral→memorial service

graveyard →memory garden.

Illegitimate child → love child

8.Metonymy (转喻/借代）

It is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the meaning of one thing for that of another. The two things involved in a metonymy are not of the same kind but are closely related. In other words, the relation between the two things is not that of similarity but that of contiguity.用一个单词代替另外一个在概念上有关联的单词

e.g The pen (words) is mightier than the sword (forces/war).

Beware of bottle. (谨防喝醉酒) . Let’s drink a cup.

The red eyes walked into the classroom.

He has a good ear for music. 他善于欣赏音乐。 He has a sharp tongue.他言语尖刻。

The kettle is boiling.

The gray hair should be respected.(The gray hair, the effect of old age, stands for old-aged people)

9.Synecdoche (提喻）

It is involves the substitution of the part for the whole, or the whole for the part, or a specific word is used to stand for abstract one or vice versa. . 用局部代替整体，单个代替类别，具体代替抽象；或反过来。

e.gHe has seven mouths to feed in his family.(part for whole)

The U.S. won three gold medals. （U.S. stands for U.S. sport team, whole for the part）

Einstein is my admiration. (‘admiration’ stands for ‘the person who I admire’. Abstract for specific)

There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of a Frenchman. (here tiger and ape indicate cruel and cunning respectively. Concrete words are used for abstract things.)

There are not only roses, but also sweat and tears in life.

10.Pun: (双关语）

It is a play on words, which involves an amusing use of expressions with a double meaning or the same sound but different meanings, i.e. homonyms （拼写相同但意义不同） or homophones (同音异义词,发音相同或相似，拼写与意义不同） e.g A cannon-ball took off his legs, so he laid down his arms. (Here "arms" has two meanings: a person's body; weapons carried by a soldier.) (double meaning)

Farewell to Arms (Heimingway’s novel)

Ask for me tomorrow and you shall find me a grave man. ( grave man，即是严肃的人，又是坟墓中的死人。) (double meaning)

“Gentlemen, order!”—— “Beer!”

Seven days without water make one weak. (week) (homophones)

Is life worth living? It depends on the liver.(liver can refer to one who lives, or an organ of one’s body.)(homonyms)

11.Irony: (反语/讽刺）

It is a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words

being the opposite of their usual sense. 即通常所谓的说反话，反意正说，正意反说。常用于讽刺或嘲弄的场合。 e.g We are lucky, what you said makes me feel really good.

This diligent student seldom reads more than an hour per week.

What a noble illustration of the tender laws of his favored country! –they let the paupers go to sleep.

He is a fine friend.

12.Sarcasm: (讽刺）

It is a strong form of irony. It attacks in a bitter manner, and its aim is to ridicule and wound the feelings of the subject attacked.

e.g Laws are like cobwebs（蜘蛛网）, which may catch small flies, but let wasps（黄蜂） break through.

"I'm an expert at this sort of thing!"

"Yes. Like you expertly drove into the wall last time."

13.Paradox (似非而是的隽语)

It is a figure of speech consisting of a statement or proposition which is contrary to expectation, apparently absurd or self-contradictory, but which on further thinking and study may prove to be true, well-founded, and even to contain a succinct point.

e.g More haste, less speed.?

What a pity that youth must be wasted on the young.

In seeking happiness, one does not find happiness.

When one pursues happiness itself, one is miserable; but, when one pursues something else, one achieves happiness. If truth does not exist, the statement "truth does not exist" is a truth.

The more you give, the more you have.

Everybody’s business is nobody’s business.

Punctuality is the thief of time. (If most people are not punctual, your punctuality will become a sheer waste of time, for you must wait with nothing done before they come.)

The child is father to the man.(only by raising a child, can a man become really matured.)

14.Oxymoron (矛盾修饰）

It is a figure of speech which combines incongruous and apparently contradictory words and meanings for a special or epigrammatic effect. It is a common device, closely related to antithesis and paradox, as in bitter-sweet memories, strenuous idleness and mildly magnificent, especially in poetry.

Oxymoron is a kind of flexible employment of antonyms or quasi-antonyms. When contradictory terms are used together, they can reveal the relationship between two things that are opposite or quasi-opposite to each other in meaning, for instance, cruel kindness (opposite in meaning), cold fire (quasi-opposite in meaning)

The rhetorical function of oxymoron can be summarized as follows:

1) for sharp contrast

e.g a deafening silence震耳欲聋的沉默; a mournful optimist; orderly chaos; holy war

No light, only darkness visible.

2) for emphasis

An atmosphere of dangerous calm could be felt through the mining region.

He called my conviction a “victorious defeat” .

Living Dead; mercy killing; silent alarm

3) for humor

I am like a smuggler. He is the only honest thief.

The president was conspicuously absent on that occasion.

Accidentally on Purpose

“It were not fit I should do so,” answered Rebecca, with proud humility. (Rebecca was low in her social status, but she was very proud.)

15.Parody（仿拟）

Parody refers to a deliberately exaggerated imitation of the characteristic style of a writer, or of a literary work, designed to amuse or ridicule, usually aimed at making fun of the original writer by turning his work to ridicule. The imitation is usually

manifested in the form of given words, sentences, tones, or even the whole piece of writing. Parody is characterized by flexibility, sarcasm, humor, uniqueness and vividness. It is usually achieved by exaggerating certain traits, using more or less the same technique as the cartoon caricature.

E.g. You are gin-drunk; I am creed-drunk. 你是酒醉，我是信条迷醉。

I had no outlook, but an uplook rather. My place in society was at the bottom. 我没有人生观， 但我有“上爬观”， 我的地位在社会的最低层。

A friend in need is a friend to be avoided.

她仍然我行我“胖”，一意孤“肥”。

“雅”不可耐

16.Transferred Epithet: (移就/转类形容词）

It is a figure of speech where an epithet (an adjective or descriptive phrase) is transferred from the noun it should rightly modify(修饰) to another to which it does not really apply or belong to.

e.g I spent sleepless nights on my project.

Forgetful snow

The American society saw a gnawing poverty during the Great Depression.

They talked to the foreigners in hesitant English.

He crashed down a protesting chair.

The thief made a trembling confession of his wrongdoings.

17.chiasmus（回文/交错法）

A grammatical figure by which the order of words in one of two of parallel clauses is inverted in the other. One of the most fascinating features of chiasmus is this "marking with an X"

e.g. Pleasure's a sin, and sometimes sin's a pleasure

1) It's not the men in my life it's the life in my men.

2) Home is where the great are small and the small are great

3) One should eat to live not live to eat

18.Alliteration: (头韵）

It has to do with the sound rather than the sense of words for effect. It is a device that repeats the same initial consonant sound at frequent intervals(间隔). 在词的开头重复相同的元音或辅音

e.g. Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.

the wild winds of winter ; the white foam flew; the furrow followed free.

19.Onomatopoeia: (拟声）

It is a device that uses words which imitate the sounds made by an object (animate or inanimate), or which are associated with or suggestive(提示的) of some action or movement.?以相似的语音描摹非语言的声音。

e.g I hear the clock ticktacking, and time goes by.

Click 滴答声 clink 丁当声 coo 咕咕声 mew 猫叫声 moo 牛叫声

20.Antithesis: (对偶/对照）

It is the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or ideas in balanced structural forms to achieve emphasis. Antithesis can result in linguistic brevity and rhythmic harmony.

E.g.Crafty men condemn studies; simple men admire them; and wise men use them.

Antithesis is often used in two patterns:

1) contrasting one aspect of one thing with the other aspect of the same thing.

e.gWe find ourselves rich in goods, but ragged in spirit, reaching with magnificent precision for the moon, but falling into raucous discord on earth.

It was the best of time, it was the worst of time; it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness; it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of iedulity; it was the season of light, it was the season of darkness; it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair; we had everything before us, we had nothing before us; we were all going direct to heavon, we were all going direct to the other way.

2) contrasting one thing with something else to see their difference:

E.g.Speech is silver; silence is golden.

Extremism in the defense of liberty is no vice, moderation in the pursuit of justice is no virtue.

Any man or state who fights against Nazidom will have our aid. Any man or state who marches with Hitler is our foe. The coward does it with a kiss, the brave man with a sword.

21.Allusion 引经据典

a figure of speech that makes a usually implicit reference to a well-known person, place, event, literary work, myth, or work of art，etc.

Unaware of the sword of Damocles hanging over her，she pursued her own way.

Watergate Affair; zippergate; Irangate Affair.

It was another catch-22 situation, you’re damned if you do and you’re damned if you don’t.

The dog returns to the vomit (from the Bible) 近似于汉语的“狗改不了吃屎”

Solomon---- a wise man; Uncle Tom----a Negro who compromises and conforms with the Whites.

22.parallelism

It refers to the parallel presentation of two or often more than two similar or relevant ideas in similar structural forms, usually for the sake of emphasis or balance. Parallelism helps clarify the relationship between a writer’s parallel ideas, or between parallel parts of a signle idea, by expressing relevant ideas and identical tone in the same or similar grammatical structure. It often result in linguistic brevity, structural balance and pleasant rhythm.

In structure parallelism can be classified into four categories:

1) formed of a series of words

E.g.Lumber, corn, tabacco, wheat, and furs moved downstream to the delta country.

Mary likes to hike, swim, and ride a bicycle.

He does’t ride, nor shoot, nor fish, nor swim.

2) formed of a group of phrases

Mike himself was a man of such great courage, of such deep simplicity, and of such intense honesty.

We can gain knowledge by reading, by reflection, by observation or by practice.

3) formed of a row of clauses

The vanish from a world where they were of no consequence; where they achieve nothing; where they were a mistake and failure and a foolishness; where they have left no sign that they had existed.

4) formed of a series of sentences

For it is not light that is needed, but fire; it is not the gentle shower, but thunder… The feeling of the nation must be quickened; the conscience of the nation must be roused; the propriety of the nation must be started; the hypocricy of the nation must be exposed; and its crimes against God and men must be proclaimed and denounced.

23.anaphora（首语重复）：repetition of a word at the beginning of successive clauses.

e.g We shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills. (for emphasis and to show determination)

24.ellipsis(省略)：句子成分有所省略

25.inversion

26.rhetorical question (反问句)：用疑问形式表示肯定或否定意义的句子。

27.Zeugma: (轭式搭配/拈连）

It is a single word which is made to modify or to govern two or more words in the same sentence, wither properly applying in sense to only one of them, or applying to them in different senses. 用一个形容词修饰两个名词，其中一个修饰是通顺的、规范的，另外一个修饰则是勉强的、不规范的。

With weeping eyes and grieving hearts -- With weeping eyes and hearts

e.g The sun shall not burn you by day, nor the moon by night. (Here moon is not strong enough to burn)

She was dressed in a maid’s cap and a bright smile. 她戴一顶少女戴的帽子，带着灿烂的微笑。

It is better to have a patched jacket than to have a patched character.穿有补丁的衣服也比品质上打补丁好。

28.Climax: (渐进/层进）

It is derived from the Greek word for "ladder" and implies the progression of thought at a uniform or almost uniform rate of significance or intensity, like the steps of a ladder ascending evenly. 一层层地推进与加强最终达到高潮或顶点。e.g I came, I saw, I conquered.

篇三：26种英语修辞手法总结

26种英语修辞手法总结

Figures of speech (修辞)are ways of making our language figurative. When we use words in other than their ordinary or literal sense to lend force to an idea, to heighten effect, or to create suggestive imagery, we are said to be speaking or writing figuratively. Now we are going to talk about some common forms of figures of speech.

1) Simile：(明喻）It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic (特性)in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other. For example, As cold waters to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country.

2) Metaphor：(暗喻）It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. For example, the world is a stage.

3) Analogy: (类比）It is also a form of comparison, but unlike simile or metaphor which usually uses comparison on one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parallel between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points of resemblance.

4) Personification: (拟人）It gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes(赋予) to inanimate(无生命的) objects, or to ideas and abstractions(抽象). For example, the wind whistled through the trees.

5) Hyperbole: (夸张） It is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration to achieve emphasis. For instance, he almost died laughing.

6) Understatement: (含蓄陈述） It is the opposite of hyperbole, or overstatement. It achieves its effect of emphasizing a fact by

deliberately(故意地) understating it, impressing the listener or the reader more by what is merely implied or left unsaid than by bare statement. For instance, It is no laughing matter.

7) Euphemism: (委婉） It is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive(无冒犯) expression for one that may offend or suggest

something unpleasant. For instance, we refer to "die" as " pass away".

8) Metonymy (转喻）It is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the mane of one thing for that of another. For instance, the pen (words) is mightier than the sword (forces).

9) Synecdoche (提喻） It is involves the substitution of the part for the whole, or the

whole for the part. For instance, they say there's bread and work for all. She was dressed in silks.

10) Antonomasia (换喻）It has also to do with substitution. It is not often mentioned now, though it is still in frequent use. For example, Solomon for a wise man. Daniel for a wise and fair judge. Judas for a traitor.

11) Pun: (双关语） It is a play on words, or rather a play on the form and meaning of words. For instance, a cannon-ball took off his legs, so he laid down his arms. (Here "arms" has two meanings: a person's body; weapons carried by a soldier.)

12) Syllepsis: (一语双叙） It has two connotations.

In the first case, it is a figure by which a word, or a particular form or inflection of a word, refers to two or more words in the same sentence, while properly applying to or agreeing with only on of them in grammar or syntax(句法). For example, He addressed you and me, and desired us to follow him. (Here us is used to refer to you and me.)

In the second case, it a word may refer to two or more words in the same sentence. For example, while he was fighting , and losing limb and mind, and dying, others stayed behind to pursue education and career. (Here to losing one's limbs in literal; to lose one's mind is figurative, and means to go mad.)

13) Zeugma: (轭式搭配） It is a single word which is made to modify or to govern two or more words in the same sentence, wither properly applying in sense to only one of them, or applying to them in different senses. For example, The sun shall not burn you by day, nor the moon by night. (Here noon is not strong enough to burn)

14) Irony: (反语） It is a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense. For instance, we are lucky, what you said makes me feel real good.

15) Innuendo: (暗讽） It is a mild form of irony, hinting in a rather roundabout (曲折)way at something disparaging(不一致) or

uncomplimentary(不赞美) to the person or subject mentioned. For example, the weatherman said it would be worm. He must take his readings in a bathroom.

16) Sarcasm: (讽刺） It Sarcasm is a strong form of irony. It attacks in a taunting and bitter manner, and its aim is to disparage, ridicule and wound the feelings of the subject attacked. For example, laws are like cobwebs, which may catch small flies, but let wasps break through.

17) Paradox: (似非而是的隽语） It is a figure of speech consisting of a statement or proposition which on the face of it seems self-contradictory, absurd or contrary to established fact or practice, but which on further thinking and study may prove to be true, well-founded, and even to contain a succinct point. For example more haste, less speed.

18) Oxymoron: (矛盾修饰） It is a compressed paradox, formed by the conjoining(结合) of two contrasting, contradictory or incongruous(不协调) terms as in bitter-sweet memories, orderly chaos(混乱) and proud humility(侮辱).

19) Antithesis: (对照） It is the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or ideas in balanced structural forms to achieve emphasis. For example, speech is silver; silence is golden.

20) Epigram: (警句） It states a simple truth pithily(有利地) and

pungently(强烈地). It is usually terse and arouses interest and surprise by its deep insight into certain aspects of human behavior or feeling. For instance, Few, save the poor, feel for the poor.

21) Climax: (渐进） It is derived from the Greek word for "ladder" and implies the progression of thought at a uniform or almost uniform rate of significance or intensity, like the steps of a ladder ascending evenly. For example, I came, I saw, I conquered.

22) Anti-climax or bathos: (突降）It is the opposite of Climax. It involves stating one's thoughts in a descending order of significance or intensity, from strong to weak, from weighty to light or frivolous. For instance, But thousands die, without or this or that, die, and endow(赋予) a college, or a cat.

23) Apostrophe： (顿呼） In this figure of speech, a thing, place, idea or person (dead or absent) is addressed as if present, listening and understanding what is being said. For instance, England! awake! awake! awake!

24) Transferred Epithet: (转类形容词） It is a figure of speech where an epithet (an adjective or descriptive phrase) is transferred from the noun it should rightly modify(修饰) to another to which it does not really apply or belong. For instance, I spent sleepless nights on my project.

25) Alliteration: (头韵） It has to do with the sound rather than the sense of words for effect. It is a device that repeats the same sound at frequent intervals(间隔) and since the sound repeated is usually the initial consonant sound, it is also called "front rhyme". For instance, the fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, the furrow followed free.

26) Onomatopoeia: (拟声） It is a device that uses words which imitate the sounds made by an object (animate or inanimate), or which are associated with or suggestive(提示的) of some action or movement

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